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Human Systems and Anatomy > Stomach > Flashcards

Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

give a description of the abdomen

A

a huge portion of the torso, extending under the ribcage. it is the body cavity between the diaphragm and the pelvic inlet. it is separated from the thorax but not from the pelvis.
partially supported by the pelvis

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2
Q

what is the abdomen composed of

A

multi layered musculoaponeurotic wall and adipose tissue

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3
Q

what are the different regions of the abdomen

A

there are 9

  • hypochondrium right
  • epigastric
  • hypochondrium left
  • right lumbar
  • umbilical
  • left lumbar
  • right iliac fossa
  • suprapubic (hypogastrium)
  • left iliac fossa
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4
Q

what are midclavicular lines

A

the vertical lines separating the abdomen into regions

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5
Q

what are subcostal lines

A

the horizontal lines taken from the inferior part of the lower costal cartilages

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6
Q

what is the intertubecular line

A

the lower horizontal line between the tubercles of the pelvis

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7
Q

what organ is found in the right hypochondrium

A

the liver

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8
Q

what is found in the epigastric region of the abdomen

A

duodenum
liver
gall bladder
pancreas
stomach

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9
Q

what is found in the left hypochondrium of the abdomen

A

spleen and stomach

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10
Q

which organs are found in the right lumbar region of the abdomen

A

ascending colon
kidney

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11
Q

what organs are found in the umbilical region of the abdomen

A

the stomach
head of pancreas
small intestine
transverse colon
lower aspects of the right and left kidneys

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12
Q

what organs are found in the left lumbar

A

descending colon
left kidney

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13
Q

what organs are found in the right iliac fossa of the abdomen

A

caecum
appendix
part of the ascending colon

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14
Q

what organs are found in the suprapubic region of the abdomen

A

bladder
uterus
parts of the small intestine like the ileum

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15
Q

what organs are found in the left iliac fossa

A

sigmoid colon
descending colon

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16
Q

in which region of the abdomen is the liver

A

right hypochondrium and the epigastric region

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17
Q

in which region of the abdomen is the duodenum

A

epigastric, umbilical

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18
Q

in which region of the abdomen is the gall bladder

A

epigastric

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19
Q

in which region of the abdomen is the pancreas

A

epigastric and umbilical

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20
Q

in which region of the abdomen is the stomach

A

epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondrium

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21
Q

in which region of the abdomen is the spleen

A

left hypochondrium

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22
Q

in which region of the abdomen is the ascending colon

A

right lumbar

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23
Q

in which region of the abdomen is the kidney

A

right lumbar, umbilical, and left lumbar

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24
Q

in which region of the abdomen is the small intestine

A

umbilical, suprapubic, epigastric?

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25
Q

in which region of the abdomen is the caecum

A

right iliac fossa

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26
Q

in which region of the abdomen is the appendix

A

right iliac fossa

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27
Q

in which region of the abdomen is the descending colon

A

left lumbar and left iliac fossa

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28
Q

in which region of the abdomen is the bladder

A

suprapubic

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29
Q

in which region of the abdomen is the uterus

A

suprapubic

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30
Q

in which region of the abdomen is the ileum

A

suprapubic

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31
Q

where is the stomach located

A

in the left hypochondrium, epigastric region. surrounded by many structures.

the anterior is around the lower ribs, liver and diaphragm
the posterior is surrounded by the diaphragm, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland and pancreas

32
Q

what is the greater omentum of the stomach

A

a fatty tissue that attaches to the greater curvature

33
Q

what can pyloric stenosis affect

A

the pyloric sphincter

34
Q

what is the stomach

A

a hollow muscular organ responsible for the breakdown of what is ingested by enzymes and hydrochloric acid

35
Q

what are rugae

A

folds of the organ which can be seen with the naked eye. they help increase surface area and allow for the folding of the organ

36
Q

what are the three layers of muscle in the stomach wall

A

longitudinal, circular and oblique

37
Q

what do the three layers of the muscles of the stomach wall function with

A

helping with the churning of the stomach contents (chyme). the innermost oblique layers helps with churning (acts as a washing machine)

38
Q

what are the functions of the stomach

A
  • store swallowed food
  • retention of food
  • mixing of gastric juice
  • chemical and mechanical functions
  • limited absorption except for alcohol
39
Q

what does the limited absorption of the stomach not include

A

alcohol and aspirin. most of the absorption takes place in the small intestine, especially when the secretions of the bile and pancreatic secretion pass into the duedenum

40
Q

what cells are most important for protection in the stomach

A

mucus secreting cells

41
Q

what are the mucus secreting cells of the stomach

A

mucous neck cells and surface mucous cells. both produce mucous but the neck cells are a little less alkaline than the surface mucous cells

42
Q

what is the intrinsic factor of parietal cells important for

A

vitamin b12 absorpiton in the ileum. this vitamin is needed for normal functions of the nervous system and the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

43
Q

what do the chief cells of the stomach produce

A

pepsinogen - activated to become pepsin under the production of acid. pepsin then breaks down proteins into smaller amino acids.

44
Q

what are the different secretory cells found within the stomach

A

mucous secreting cells
parietal cells
chief cells
endocrine cells

45
Q

what do endocrine cells of the stomach produce

A

gatrin - goes into the bloodstream to stimulate the production of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells

46
Q

what do parietal cells produce

A

hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

47
Q

what do the muscous secreting cells secrete in the stomach

A

luminal surface of the gastric pits and they are alkaline

48
Q

when do endocrine cells release gastrin

A

when food and fluid go in

49
Q

what breaks down the pepsinogen produced by chief cells

A

hydrochloric acid

50
Q

describe the structure of parietal cells

A

large found or pyramid shaped cells that stain pink - meaning they are highly acidic - and they also have a central round nucleus

51
Q

where are the chief cells found

A

in the lower regions of the gastric glands

52
Q

what are chief cells

A

zymogenic cells that are basophilic and stain blue

53
Q

what are parietal cells

A

oxyntic that are acidic and stain pink

54
Q

what does carbon anhydrase do

A

catalyses the reaction between water and carbon dioxide to produce carbonic acid, hydrogen and bicarbonate

55
Q

the stomach is supplied by several arteries. where are these arteries derived from

A

branches of the coeliac trunk

56
Q

what is the coeliac trunk

A

a short, wide vessel arising from the anterior aspect of the aorta just below the diaphragm. it divides into three branches; the left gastric, the common hepatic and the splenic arteries

57
Q

what is the left gastric artery

A

the smallest branch of the coeliac trunk. it reaches the oesophagus and then descends along the lesser curvature of the stomach. the branches of the left gastric artery have two or three with the lower oesophagus. other branches supply cardia and the lesser curvature of the stomach

58
Q

what is the common hepatic artery

A

this is the branch of the coeliac trunk that gives rise to the right gastric and gastroduodental arteries. right gastric arises above the superior duodenum and runs to the left to the lesser omentum, also supplying the lesser curvature of the stomach alongside the left gastric.

59
Q

what is the gastroomental artery

A

one of the branches of the gastroduodental arteries which branches from the hepatic artery. it runs to the left with the greater omentum, parallel to the greater curvature, this gives numerous branches to the pyloric part and body of the stomach

60
Q

what is the splenic artery

A

the largest branch of the coeliac trunk. provides collateral branches to the pancreas, and terminal branches to the spleen and stomach.
has several gastric branches that pass to the greater curvature.

61
Q

what is the fundus of the stomach supplied blood from

A

the short gastric arteries form from the splenic artery.

62
Q

give a brief description of venous drainage of the stomach

A

the veins accompany the gastric arteries, and they drain into the portal venous system. the portal vein receives from the right and left gastric veins.

63
Q

what does the splenic vein retrieve the deoxygenated blood from

A

the short gastric and left gastroomental veins

64
Q

what do the oesophageal tributaries take part in

A

imporant portacaval anastomosis with the tributaries from the azygos venous system within the thorax

65
Q

how are the upper two thirds of the oesophagus drained

A

via oesophageal veins carrying deoxygenated blood to the azygos vein, and then into the superior vena cava. not involved in oesophageal varices.

66
Q

how is the lower one third of the oesophagus able to be drained

A

toward the left gastric vein, which in turn goes to the portal vein

67
Q

how can alcoholism impact the oesophagus

A

if pressure increases in the liver, there is collateral circulation developing around the lower oesophagus. this can end up in rupturing and be fatal.

68
Q

what is portal hypertension

A

increased portal pressure

69
Q

what is gastric band surgey

A

when a band or pouch is tied around the stomach - increased tightening can reduce the volume of food people eat at any one time

70
Q

what are the different forms of weight loss surgery

A
  • gastric band
  • gastric bypass
  • sleeve gastreoctomy
71
Q

what is a gastric bypass

A

where the top part of the stomach is joined to the small intestine

72
Q

what is sleeve gastrectomy

A

where some of the stomach is removed

73
Q

when are weight loss surgeries considered

A

if the BMI is over 40 and if the patient has an obesity related condition.

74
Q

what is a roux-en-Y

A

surgical reduction of stomach size, and the duodenum is reattached.

75
Q

why is the duodenum reattached after roux-en-y surgery

A

bile from the liver and the pancreatic enzymes are still needed for digestion

76
Q
A

Human Systems and Anatomy (54 decks)

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