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Human Systems and Anatomy > Mechanics of Respiration > Flashcards

Mechanics of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two meanings of respiration

A

breathing and tissue respiration

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2
Q

what is tissue respiration

A

aerobic metabolism in cells

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3
Q

what is breathing

A

gas exchange and its associated processes

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4
Q

what is the physiology of breathing interlinked with

A

tissue respiration

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5
Q

what are the roles of the lungs

A
  • bring in fresh air rich in oxygen needed to fuel the body
  • expel waste gas produced from cells in the body
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6
Q

what does the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide depend on

A

energy requirements eg exercise

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7
Q

how can the brain affect lung ventilation

A

some issues with the lungs can begin neurologically, as there are neurons in brain that produce the rhythm transported to the diaphragm

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8
Q

what do almost all lung diseases affect

A

the mechanical properties of the lungs

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9
Q

why is death from lung disease common

A

there is an inability to overcome changes in the lung and chest mechanics

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10
Q

what is the partial pressure of oxygen at rest in a healthy individual

A

100mmHg

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11
Q

what is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in a healthy individual at rest

A

40mmHg

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12
Q

what is the concentration of oxygen in one breath for a healthy individual at rest

A

250ml of oxygen per minute

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13
Q

what is the rest exchange of carbon dioxide in a healthy individual

A

200ml of carbon dioxide per minute

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14
Q

what is the main point of breathing

A

blood gas homeostasis

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15
Q

is there more oxygen or more carbon dioxide at rest

A

more oxygen

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16
Q

how can ventilation in a healthy individual change during exercise

A

go from 250ml at rest, to 800ml when walking, to 5000 when exercising

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17
Q

what is the function of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses in breathing

A

filter, warm, humidify air, and detect smells

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18
Q

what is the function of the pharynx in breathing

A

conduct air to the larynx
shared with the digestive tract

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19
Q

what is the function of the larynx

A

protects the opening to the trachea
contains vocal folds

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20
Q

what is the function of the trachea

A

filter air
trap particles in mucous
cartilages keep the airway open

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21
Q

what is the function of the bronchi

A

the same as the trachea

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22
Q

what is the definition of breathing in the lungs

A

air movement through volume changes during movements of the ribs and diaphragm
includes the airways and the alveoli

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23
Q

what is the function of alveoli

A

act as sites of gas exchange between air and blood

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24
Q

what is the major function of the upper respiratory tract

A

humidify, warm and filter air

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25
Q

why is it important to humidify and warm air

A

Air should be saturated with water, breathing in dry air can be irritating and can damage the epithelial lining of the upper airways. Therefore it is important it is humidified.
Also want it to be warm, and if we breathe in cold air it is irritating to the upper airways.

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26
Q

what lines the upper airways

A

pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium

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27
Q

what is the function of mucous in the upper airways

A

trap particules and move up to the mouth via cilia for expulsion

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28
Q

how many litres of air is inhaled with each breath

A

half a litre

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29
Q

on average how many breaths do we do a minute

A

12-15

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30
Q

how many litres on average do we breathe in per minute

A

6-7

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31
Q

what is the maximum ventilation

A

160 litres per minute

32
Q

maximum ventilation per breath

A

4 litres

33
Q

how many breaths can we breathe in maximum

A

40

34
Q

describe inspiration and expiration during quiet breathing

A

inspiration is active
expiration is passive

35
Q

describe active inspiration

A
  • diaphragm contracts downwards, pushing abdominal contents outward
  • external intercostals pull the ribs outward and upward
36
Q

describe passive expiration

A

elastic recoil

37
Q

describe inspiration and expiration during strenuous breathing

A

active inspiration and active expiration

38
Q

describe active inspiration during strenuous breathing

A

greater contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals
the inspiratory accessory muscles are active

39
Q

what are the inspiratory accessory muscles

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • alae nasi
  • genioglossus
40
Q

what are the abdominal muscles involved in active expiration

A

rectus abdominus
internal oblique
external oblique
transversus abdominus

41
Q

what are the internal intercostal muscles

A

these muscles oppose the external intercostals by pushing the ribs down and inward

42
Q

what is the major inspiratory muscle

A

diaphragm

43
Q

when are the other respiratory skeletal muscles active in order to aid the diaphragm

A

during more strenuous breathing

44
Q

what happens during inspiration to increase the lung cavity capacity

A

diaphragm contracts downward
intercostals pull the ribs outward
chest wall moves outward

45
Q

what does it mean to describe quiet expiration as passive

A

there is no muscle involvement

46
Q

how far does the diaphragm move during quiet breathing

A

1cm

47
Q

how far does the diaphragm move during strenuous breathing

A

10cm

48
Q

what is intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure in the lungs

49
Q

what is the value of the intrapleural pressure in the course of inspiration

A

negative

50
Q

what is the tidal volume

A

the change of volume occurring in inspiration

51
Q

what are the pleural spaces

A

the small spaces between the lung and the chest wall
pressure is important because it is the pressure that drives breathing

52
Q

what is the pressure in the pleural space

A

the pleural pressure

53
Q

what is the alveolar pressure

A

the pressure within the lung

54
Q

what is the transpulmonary pressure

A

the difference between pleural pressure and alveolar pressure

55
Q

what is elastic recoil pressure

A

quiet breathing during expiration

56
Q

is there flow of air at the beginning of a breath

A

no

57
Q

what is the alveolar pressure at the beginning of a breath and why

A

0 because there is no flow of air into the lung

58
Q

what happens to pleural pressure when inspiration is about to occur

A

pleural pressure becomes more negative

59
Q

why does pleural pressure become more negative when we inspire

A

the pleural space gets bigger but there is no change in volume yet. lung expands into the larger space, which then leads to decreased pressure in the lungs.

60
Q

what triggers air flow into the lungs

A

decrease in pressure in the lungs when the pleural pressure decreases

61
Q

why is pressure always negative in the pleural cavities

A

chest wall is always moving out and the lung is trying to collapse

62
Q

when does air flow stop

A

when barometric pressure is equal to the alveolar pressure

63
Q

what happens to thoracic volume when the inspiratory muscles contract

A

the volume increases

64
Q

describe the full series of events when breathing, including pressure changes (you are so strong and brave)

A
  • Beginning of inspiration, no flow: PA=0 PB=0.
  • Inspiratory muscles contract – inc. thoracic volume.
  • Pleural pressure becomes more negative.
  • Increase in transpulmonary pressure.
  • Lungs expand and alveolar volume increases.
  • PA becomes negative (below PB).
  • Air flows into alveoli (from higher to lower pressure).
  • End inspiration - Muscles stop contracting, thorax and alveoli stop expanding, PA = PB (no flow).
  • Beginning expiration: Thoracic volume decreases. .
  • Ppl & PL return to pre-inspiration values.
  • Thorax and lungs recoil (elastic recoil pressure).
  • Air in alveoli compressed.
  • PA becomes greater than PB.
  • Air flows out of lungs.
65
Q

is low level breathing efficient in healthy lungs

A

yes, as there is low muscle effort

66
Q

how many ml of oxygen per litre of air

A

1

67
Q

how much resting energy expendenture is used in breathing at rest in healthy people

A

2%

68
Q

why is higher intensity breathing less efficient

A

gas flow is turbulent and uses more muscles
accessory muscles can fatigue easily

69
Q

what is the functional residual capacity

A

the volume of air in the lung at the end of the expiration during quiet breathing

70
Q

what decreases lung volume

A

elastic recoil forces

71
Q

what increases lung capacity

A

outward recoil of the chest wall

72
Q

how are the elastic recoil and outward recoil when muscles at the functional residual capacity

A

they are equal and opposite as the muscles are relaxed

73
Q

are lungs emptied entirely after respiration

A

yes

74
Q

why can neuromuscular disease affect breathing

A

if the chest wall muscles are weak, the functional residual capacity decreases as the lung elastic recoil is greater

75
Q

what determines the ease or difficulty of air movement into the lungs

A

mechanical properties of the lung and chest wall

76
Q

why is measurement of lung volume important

A

to understand normal and diseased lung function

Human Systems and Anatomy (54 decks)

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