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Human Systems and Anatomy > Senses and Perception > Flashcards

Senses and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

what is tactile input

A

this is the type of mechanical stimulation on the skin

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2
Q

what is the quality of tactile input

A

the type of touch

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3
Q

what is the magnitude of tactile input

A

this is how big the input is

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4
Q

what is the duration of tactile input

A

this is how long and how often the stimulus lasts

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5
Q

where does most bodily innervation go as the first point of entry

A

the spinal cord

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6
Q

how do we convert a stimulus into an electrical signal

A

through modality specific sensory receptors

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7
Q

how is information transmitted faithfully to the central nervous system

A

through modality specific sensory pathways

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8
Q

wat is the first cell involved in the sensation pathway

A

the sensory neuron

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9
Q

what do sensory neurons do

A

they relay information from the periphery into the central nervous system

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10
Q

what is the morphology of the sensory neuron

A

pseudounipolar structure

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11
Q

describe the structure of the sensory neuron

A

cell body with two axons
first branch is in the periphery and innervates the skin, and a second brnach which projects into the central nervous system

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12
Q

what is found at the end of the peripheral branch of sensory neurons

A

receptor endings

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13
Q

what is found at the central terminal of sensory neurons

A

synaptic vesicles, which allow for synaptic release to recruit target neurons in the sensory pathway

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14
Q

list the events of a general stimulus on primary sensory receptors

A
  • stimulus
  • receptor endings activated
  • action potential generated
  • relayed centrally
  • neurotransmitter released at central terminal
  • recruitment of post synaptic targets
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15
Q

how are stimulus properties coded

A

according to quality, intensity, duration and location

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16
Q

what are the main stimulus types

A

mechanical
thermal
noxious
chemical
light

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17
Q

describe the stimulus and receptor for the sensation of touch

A

mechanical stimulus
mechanoreceptor

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18
Q

describe the stimulus and receptor for the sensation of temperature

A

thermal stimulus
thermoreceptor

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19
Q

describe the stimulus and receptor for the sensation of pain

A

noxious stimulus, nociceptor

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20
Q

describe the stimulus and receptor for the sensation of taste and smell

A

chemical stimulus, chemoreceptor

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21
Q

describe the stimulus and receptor for the sensation of vision

A

light stimulus
photoreceptor

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22
Q

which receptors are found on free nerve endings

A

nociceptors

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23
Q

what are the different mechanoreceptors found in the skin

A

meissners corpuscle
merkel disk
hair follicle receptor
pacinian corpuscle
ruffini ending

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24
Q

what is this

A

meissners corpuscle
mechanoreceptor in the skin

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25
Q

what is this

A

merkels disc
a mechanoreceptor found in the skin

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26
Q

what is this

A

hair follicle receptor
mechanoreceptor found in the skin

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27
Q

what is this

A

pacinian corpuscle
a mechanoreceptor found in the skin

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28
Q

what is this

A

ruffini ending
mechanoreceptor found in the skin

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29
Q

what features are found in all sensory neurons

A

cluster of peripheral nerve branches with its own receptor endings

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30
Q

what is a receptive field

A

this is the distribution of receptor endings found in each neuron

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31
Q

do receptive fields remain separate

A

they often overlap to allow for two point discrimination

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32
Q

how large are receptive fields in the periphery

A

small

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33
Q

how large are receptive fields in the trunk of the body

A

very large

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34
Q

what is two point discrimination

A

this is the ability to discern two separate mechanical stimuli
it is a measure of spatial resolution and an indication of the size of the receptive field

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35
Q

describe the temporal sequence of stimulus transduction

A
  • stimulus
  • change in receptor membrane permeability
  • influx of cations
  • depolarisation on the receptor potential
  • action potential
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36
Q

what is the resting membrane potential on most cells

A

-70mV

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37
Q

what are the two subtypes of receptor

A

ionotropic and g protein coupled

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38
Q

describe the kinetics and modalities of ionotropic receptors

A

fast kinetics
mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

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39
Q

describe the kinetics of g protein coupled receptors

A

slow kinetics and chemoreceptors

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40
Q

describe signal transduction of ionotropic mechanoreceptors

A
  • there is a lipid bilayer that has been interrupted by an ion channel
  • the ion channel is tethered to the membrane by fibrils on the intracellular aspect of the membrane
  • when inactive, the channel is closed
  • when mechanical stimulus is applied, the deformation of the cell membrane pulls on the underlying fibrils which pulls the fibres away to open the channel
  • potassium leaves and sodium enters
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41
Q

describe the signal transduction in ionotropic chemoreceptors

A
  • ion channel is too narrow in the inactive state
  • extracellular surface has ligand binding receptor sites
  • this becomes active when the ligands bind
  • conformational change allows the pore to open
  • sodium and potassium can cross over
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42
Q

describe signal transduction in g protein coupled receptors

A

receptor is more complex as there are many proteins linekd to it.
the ligand binding site changes conformation to cause a response on the ion channel
when inactive, the channel is closed. the specific ligand will bind to the receptor, cause an intracellular signalling cascade, and then the channel can open.
so it is a lot slower because the pathway is more complex than in ionotropic receptors

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43
Q

what is the stimulus property for type of receptor

A

quality

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44
Q

what is the stimulus property for action potential frequency

A

magnitude or intensity

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45
Q

what is the stimulus property for number of neurons activated

A

magnitude or intensity

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46
Q

what is the stimulus property for duration of action potential firing

A

duration or timing

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47
Q

what is the stimulus property for receptive field

A

location

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48
Q

what does the quality of the receptor depend on

A

type of receptor

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49
Q

what does the magnitude of the stimulus depend on

A

the action potential frequency and the number of neurons that has been activated

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50
Q

what does the duration of the stimulus depend on

A

duration of the action potentia firing

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51
Q

what does the location of the stimulus depend on

A

the receptive field

52
Q

what does an increase in stimulus intensity do to the action potential

A

increases the action potential frequency

53
Q

describe the coding of receptive fields

A

each one is coded by a particular sensory neuron which activates a pathway that prokects and ends in a discrete region in the brain
each one has its own cortical region in the brain

54
Q

what does the sensory homunculus show

A

the distinct structures of the cerebral cortex that are responsible for different nerve functions

55
Q

what are the main principles of receptive fields

A

size
distribution
density

56
Q

where is the cortical representation for the brain

A

the homunculus

57
Q

what do peripheral nerves contain

A

axons from two functionally distinct types of nerve cells

58
Q

what are afferents

A

sensory neurons

59
Q

what are efferents

A

motor neurons

60
Q

how do axons exit the spinal cord

A

via the peripheral nerves

61
Q

what is the function of the epineurium

A

mechanical protection and support to the neuron

62
Q

what surrounds the individual fascicles in the neurons

A

perineurium connective tissue

63
Q

are unmyelinated axons larger

A

no

64
Q

why are there blood vessels within the nerves connective tissue

A

conduction of action potentials is metabolically demanding and needs blood supply to remove by products and provide oxygen and glucose

65
Q

describe myelinated axons in the peripheral nervous system

A

they have a series of schwann cells lined up along the axon, each having a wrapped coating of myelin insulating the axon

66
Q

describe unmyelinated axons in the peripheral nervous system

A

encased by schwann cells cytoplasm, but there is no wrapped coating of myelin around the axons

67
Q

which axon types are myelinated

A

A alpha
A delta
A beta

68
Q

which axon types are unmyelinated

A

C fibres

69
Q

describe A alpha axons from the skin

A

thickest axon and thickest myelin sheath
very fast conduction speed of 80-120 metres a second

70
Q

what are the sensory receptors with A alpha axons

A

proprioreception in skeletal muscle

71
Q

describe A beta cells

A

thick axon and thick myelin sheath
fast conducting speed at 35-75 metres a second

72
Q

which type of sensory receptors have a beta axons

A

mechanoreceptors of the skin

73
Q

describe a delta fibres

A

thin diameter and a conduction speed of 5-30 metres a second

74
Q

which type of sensory neurons have A delta fibres

A

pain and temperature sensation

75
Q

what is the diameter of A alpha axons

A

13-20 micrometers

76
Q

what is the diameter of a beta axons

A

6-12 micrometers

77
Q

what is the diameter of a delta fibres

A

1-5 micrometers

78
Q

what is the diameter of c fibres

A

0.2 -1.5 micrometers

79
Q

what is the speed of c fibres

A

0.5 - 2 metres a second

80
Q

which axons are associated with sensation of pain and temperature

A

A delta and C

81
Q

what can spinal cord grey matter be divided into

A

dorsal horn
intermediate horn
ventral horn

82
Q

what is the target of peripheral nerves

A

the spinal cord

83
Q

how many dorsal root ganglia are there

A

31 pairs

84
Q

what is the dorsal root

A

this is the medial portion of the sensory nerve that goes from the root ganglia into the spinal cord

85
Q

what is the dorsal root made up of

A

only the centrally projecting axons, no myelin

86
Q

where do sensory neurons enter the spinal cord

A

dorsal horn

87
Q

where are the cell bodies of motor neurons found

A

the ventral horn of the grey matter

88
Q

how do motor neurons exit the spinal cord

A

through ventral roots, to innervate muscle in appropriate regions

89
Q

can a peripheral nerve carry both afferent and efferent information

A

yes they all do

90
Q

describe how the spinal cord is arranged along the torso and what this gives rise to

A

it has a segmental arrangement and this gives rise to dermatomes, which are strip like structures along the body that indicate specific spinal segments that receive information from them

91
Q

which branches of the trigeminal nerve are sensory only

A

the opthalmic division and the maxillary division

92
Q

which branches of the trigeminal nerve are both sensory and motor

A

the mandibular branch, as it gives general sensation but also innervates the muscles of mastication

93
Q

what is the principle innervation for sensation on the face

A

the trigeminal nerve

94
Q

what does the opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve innervate

A

most of the scalp and forehead, and the dorsum of the nose

95
Q

what does the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve supply

A

the lateral region of the face and under the eyes, cheeks

96
Q

where is the temporalis muscle found

A

in the temporal fossa on the lateral aspect of the face above the ear

97
Q

what sensation is touch

A

mechanreception

98
Q

what sensation is pain

A

nociception

99
Q

is the facial innervation pathway the same as the spinal nerve pathway

A

no

100
Q

what are sensory pathways comprised of

A

three interconnected neurons - the primary, secondary and tertiary neurons

101
Q

describe the general sensory pathway with its interconnecting pathways

A
  • primary sensory neurons are the first and they deliver information from the periphery along the peripheral nerve into the central nervous system
  • they target the secondary sensory neuron to relay information along the axon toward the axon terminal, which triggers the release of neurotransmitter
  • this recruits the tertiary sensory neuron which projects into the cerebral cortex to the appropriate region
102
Q

where is most of the primary sensory neuron found

A

the periphery

103
Q

is the information relayed by sensory pathways relayed to the sensory cortex on the same or the opposite side of the body

A

the opposite - there is a cross over in the thalamus when the information goes to the secondary neuron

104
Q

what is cortical representation

A

this is how every sensory neuron’s receptive field is represented in the cortex, as there are body regions with higher sensory innervation due to a higher density of receptor endings, and these regions have greater cortical representation

105
Q

what is somatic mechanoreception

A

perception of innoxious tactile sensation

106
Q

what is the brain stem continuous with

A

the cerebral hemispheres

107
Q

describe the route of the primary sensory neuron in the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway

A

when information goes to the spinal cord, there is a small branch that terminates in the spinal cord and another that ascends up the spinal cord to the medulla oblongata

108
Q

describe the route of the secondary sensory neuron in the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway

A

axon crosses over to the other side of the body before it relays through the brainstem toward the thalamus
once it reaches the thalamus it synapses with the tertiary neuron

109
Q

describe the route of the tertiary neuron in the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway

A

goes from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

110
Q

describe the posterior trigeminothalamic pathway

A
  • sensory neuron project into the brainstem via the trigeminal nerve
  • cell body of trigeminal afferents in the trigeminal ganglia
  • axon projects into the brainstem where it synapses with the second order sensory neuron
  • crosses to the opposite side and projects into the thalamus where it connects with the tertiary neuron
  • crosses to the cortex and terminates here
111
Q

describe the spinothalamic pathway

A
  • free nerve endings coalsce to form an axon
  • projects via peripheral nerve into the spinal cord
  • into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
  • synapse with second order sensory neuron
  • sends an axon to the opposite side of the body at the same segmental level
  • then is ascends the spinal cord to the thalamus
  • via a white matter bundle
  • to synapse with tertiary sensory neuron in thalamus
  • to go to cerebral cortex
  • perception received
112
Q

what is the anterior trigeminothalamic pathway describing

A

pain in the face

113
Q

what is the dorsal trigeminothalamic pathway describing

A

somatic mechanoreception ie general sensation in the face

114
Q

what is the spinothalamic pathway describing

A

somatic nociception ie pain

115
Q

what is the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway describing

A

somatic mechanoreception - general sensation

116
Q

what is sensation

A

the process of sensing our environment by activation of sensory receptors and associated sensory pathways

117
Q

what are some different sensations

A

touch
taste
sight
smell

118
Q

what is perception

A

this is the interepration of sensory input, and requires a high degree of cortical processing

119
Q

what is stereognosis

A

mental perception of objects referenced by touch - it is our ability to generate a mental perception of objects from touch stimuli only

120
Q

what is involved in the cortical processing of stereognosis

A
  • integration of information on several aspects of touch like texture, weight and size
  • ability to retrieve previous experiences
  • generate a 3D mental image without having seen the object
121
Q

what is stimulating in the sensory cortex during stereognosis

A

hippocampus
basal ganglia
motor cortex

122
Q

what is proprioception

A

this is the sense of self movement and body position, otherwise known as kinesthesia

123
Q

describe the integration of mechanosensory input in kinesthesia

A
  • balance organs in the inner ear
  • muscle receptors and joint receptors
  • mechanoreceptors
  • periodontal receptors
124
Q

what are the balance organs in the inner ear

A

utricle
saccule
semi circular canals

125
Q

why are muscle receptors and joint receptors used during kinesthesia

A

for muscle length and tension
joint position

126
Q

how are axon fibres classified

A

according to their:
- myelination
- diameter
- conduction velocity
- sensory modality

Human Systems and Anatomy (54 decks)

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