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Human Systems and Anatomy > Growth Physiology > Flashcards

Growth Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what can growth involve

A
  • increase in cell numbers
  • increase in cell size
  • some cells can grow or regenerate but others cannot
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2
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increased cell numbers

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3
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

increased cell size

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4
Q

what are some cells that can regenerate

A

liver
skin
blood cells

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5
Q

what are some cells that cannot regenerate

A

neurons

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6
Q

which factors can affect growth

A
  • genes, hereditary
  • environment
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7
Q

what are environmental factors that impact growth

A
  • nutrition
  • disease
  • growth factors, such as hormones
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8
Q

what are some hormones influencing growth

A
  • thyroid hormones
  • growth hormone
  • sex hormones
  • insulin
  • cortisol
  • vitamine D, parathyroid hormone
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9
Q

are the impacts of thyroid hormone on growth direct or indirect

A

indirect

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10
Q

when does the brain and face stop growing

A

12

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11
Q

when does growth of the head reach a plateau

A

12

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12
Q

why is most orthodontic treatment not carried out until after 12

A

growth is not stable until after this

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13
Q

what is the first growth spurt associated with

A

growth hormone, plateau happens

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14
Q

what is the second growth spurt associated with

A

presence of reproductive organs and associated homrones

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15
Q

what is the second growth spurt associated with

A

reproductive organs

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16
Q

why do vitamin D and parathyroid hormone have an effect on growth

A

their role in mobilisation of calcium and bone formation

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17
Q

what are the functions of thyroid hormone

A
  • normal development and growth
  • protein synthesis in the brain of the fetus and infant
  • normal development of neurons
  • childhood growth
  • facilitates the action of growth hormone and the sympathetic nervous system
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18
Q

symptoms of fetal hypothyroidism

A

sparse hair
large tongue
permanent mental impairments

19
Q

explain hypothyroidism

A
  • deficiency of thyroid hormones in childhood can impede both brain development and skeletal growth
  • delayed tooth eruption
  • growth defects can be rectified by thryoxine supplements
  • some improvement in mental functions, recovery incomplete
  • extent of recovery varies with onset and duration of the hypothyroid state
20
Q

describe the action of growth hormone

A

metabolic and growth promoting actions
main growth promoting effects in postnatal period, infancy and adolescence

21
Q

describe the metabolic actions of growth hormone

A
  • increase blood glucose levels
  • decrease glucose uptake by cells
  • increase lipolysis, make fatty acids available for energy production
  • facilitate the uptake of amino acids for protein synthesis, especially in the liver and muscle
22
Q

what are some growth hormone effects exerted by

A

insulin growth factor 1

23
Q

where is IGF1 produced

A

liver

24
Q

what are the effects exerted by IGF1

A
  • cartilage, bone, soft tissues, viscera
  • cartilage proliferation in long bones until the epihphyses close
25
Q

what are the growth centres of the bone called

A

epiphyses

26
Q

describe the role of sex hormones in growth

A
  • responsible for the pubertal growth spurt
  • effects mediated by increased secretion of growth hormone and IGF1
  • stimulate bone growth, accelerate the closure of epiphyses
  • testosterone has anabolic effects on protein synthesis
  • testosterone is the anabolic steroid
27
Q

how does insulin contribute to growth

A
  • promotes foetal growth
  • promotes post natal growth by stimulating the secretion of IGF1
  • facilitates protein synthesis by making glucose available for energy production
28
Q

describe the effects of cortisol on growth

A
  • inhibits growth when levels are too high
  • stimulate protein catabolism
  • suppresses bone growth and promotes bone resorption
  • raised levels of cortisol in stress and illness account for the growth retarding effects of childhood illnesses
29
Q

how do vitamin d and parathyroid hormone contribute to growth

A

by ensuring adequate amounts of calcium and phosphate are available for bone formation

30
Q

what is vitamin D responsible for

A

calcium absorption from the gut

31
Q

how does parathyroid hormone have an impact on plasma calcium levels

A

increases them

32
Q

what does excess growth hormone in childhood lead to

A

gigantism

33
Q

what does excess growth hormone in adulthood lead to

A

longitudinal growth is not possible and the appositional growth occurs in extremities
hands feet and jaw will increase in bulk and lead to acromegaly

34
Q

describe acromegaly

A

this is when there is excess growth hormone being produced after the epiphyses are closed so a person is just bulky

35
Q

what is diastema

A

gaps between the teeth

36
Q

how does the skull change in acromegaly

A

increased mandible growth and enlarged sella turcica

37
Q

what is achondroplasia

A

defective cartilage growth that affects long bones and cartilage growth centres like the spheno occipital synchondrosis in the cranial base

38
Q

what does ageing involve

A

gradual deterioration of all parts of the body
complicated by disease

39
Q

what does an individuals lifespan depend on

A

genetics
environment
no evolutionary advantage to it

40
Q

what environmental factors increase longevity

A

good nutrition
lifestyle
absence of disease

41
Q

describe the biology of ageing

A

decline in the ability of cells to divide
accumulation of damage, errors in dna sequence, abnormal proteins and damage to organelles like mitochondria
shortening of telomeres due to free radicals

42
Q

when does apoptosis occur

A

in development from a tooth germ
replaces worn out cells
destroys tumour cells

43
Q

what is ageing accompanied by

A

reduced performance of body systems and organs

Human Systems and Anatomy (54 decks)

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