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Human Systems and Anatomy > Alimentary System Overview > Flashcards

Alimentary System Overview Flashcards

1
Q

what does the mouth act as an opening to

A

the alimentary canal

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2
Q

what are the four individual components of teeth

A

enamel, dentin, cementum, and dental pulp

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3
Q

what is enamel

A

the hardest part of the tooth and the most mineralised

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4
Q

what is dentin

A

this is the component found between the enamel and the cementum

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5
Q

what is dental pulp

A

this is the central portion of the tooth which contains soft connective tissue

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6
Q

what is the main two function of the digestive system

A

digestion and absorption

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7
Q

what is digestion

A

the function to process food

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8
Q

what is cementum

A

the specialised bone covering the root of the tooth

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9
Q

what is absorption

A

the process to transfer nutrients to circulation

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10
Q

what organs aid in the processes of the gastrointestinal tract

A

accessory organs like salivary glands, gall bladder, liver and pancreas

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11
Q

how do salivary glands aid digestion

A

they secrete a watery secretion known as serous, a thicker secretion known as mucous and a mixed seromucinous. this saliva helps buffer the mouth pH and protect the surface of the mouth and gut. it also has antimicrobial action and maintains the tooth structure, aiding in taste and to a lesser extent aiding also with digestion.

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12
Q

how does the gall bladder aid with digestion

A

it helps to store and concentration bile which is producedby the liver, and helps with fat digestion.

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13
Q

what is the pharynx

A

muscular tube approximately 12-15cm in length. it is responsible for food to pass thorugh, as well as air. the oesophagus is also a muscular tuble and extends from this pharynx.

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14
Q

what is the oesophagus route

A

extends from the pharynx and reaches down to the stomach, passing behind the heart and the trachea. then leads onto the stomach where the first major portion of digestion will happen.

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15
Q

where does the first major portion of digetion happen

A

the stomach

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16
Q

what occurs in the stomach

A

the mixing and churning of what you have eaten and drunk. this is also a muscular organ and is located on the upper left of the abdomen. it secretes acid and enzymes that will start digestion, taking it on from the little amoutn of starch digestion that has happened with the amylase from the saliva in the oral cavity

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17
Q

what is food called after it has passed through the stomach

A

chyme

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18
Q

how does chyme move from the stomach to the small intestine

A

it will move through a sphincter (tight muscular structure) into the small intestine

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19
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine called

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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20
Q

what occurs in the duodenum section of the small intestine

A

progress from digestion to absorption. there are secretions from the pancreas, and bile will also enter at this point.

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21
Q

what is bile

A

a substance that helps with fat digestion. it enters the small intestine at the duodenum

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22
Q

what do the secretions of the pancreas aid with

A

digestion of fats, protein, starch and other carbohydrates

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23
Q

what does the pancreas also secrete

A

bicarbonate rich fluid which helps to maintain alkaline pH

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24
Q

what will move into the large intestine

A

the remaining material that was not digested or absorbed.

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25
Q

what staining is used when viewing the histology of the gastrointestinal system

A

H&E staining

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26
Q

what does mucosa line

A

the cavities of the body and the surface of internal organs

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27
Q

what is lamina propria

A

a thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium. contains inflammatory cells and provides support and nutrients to the overlyiung epithelium

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28
Q

what is muscularis mucosae

A

the next layer deep to the lamina propria. composed of smooth muscle and is continuous all the way through the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract

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29
Q

what is the submucosa composed of

A

dense irregular connective tissue - contains many blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic nerves.

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30
Q

what is the muscularis propria composed of

A

innter circular muscle and outer longitudinal muscle. this muscle is smooth muscle and is responsible for peristalsis

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31
Q

what is adventitia

A

the outer layer of fibrous connective tisue surrounding an organ. in the gut, this would be at the oral cavity, the upper end of the oesophagus, and ascending and descending colon and rectum.

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32
Q

what does the serous membrane allow for in the gastrointestinal tract

A

reduction of friction

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33
Q

what epithelium is found in the oral cavity

A

stratified squamous epithelium. ideal for their location to help with the repeated trauma from food and drink

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34
Q

is keratin found in the oesophagus

A

no, it is not found in any areas of the gastrointestinal tract that has stratified squamous epithelium due to the moisture to prevent it from drying out

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35
Q

what are some potential health issues associated with the gastrointestinal system

A

if there is contiaul reflux of acid from the stomach into the oesophagus, this can damage the lining of the epithelium of the oesophagus. this is called gastro-oestophageal reflux disease and is associated with heartburn, regurgitation or indigestion. can cause the cells of the lower oesophagus to change, which is called barrett’s oesophagus. change in epithelium refers to typically stratified squamous epithelium changing to simple columnar epithelium.

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36
Q

what is metaplasia

A

change of one differentiated cell type to another

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37
Q

what is dysplasia

A

an abnormal growth or development of cells - results in unequal cell size, abnormal shaped cells, and excess pigment. there are also more cells dividing.

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38
Q

how does epithelium change at the gastro-oesophageal junction

A

goes from stratified squamous epithlium of the oesophagus into the simple columnar epithelium

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39
Q

what are the different secretions in the stomach that aid with digestion

A

acid, mucous and enzymes

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40
Q

what are the different gastric glands found in the stomach

A

cardiac glands
fundic glands
pyloric glands

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41
Q

where are fundic glands found

A

the fundus and body of the stomach

42
Q

how is the secretory epithelium of glastric glands special

A

they secrete mucous, digestive enzymes and also bicarbonate which is ideal for digestion and maintenance of homeostasis

43
Q

what is the epithelium like when moving from the stomach into the small intestine

A

it remains as simple columnar, but there is surface specialisation which shows prominently in the small intestine - this is the villi

44
Q

what are villi

A

finger like projections that are designed to increase surface area and aid in the digestion and absorption which typically happens in the small intestine.

45
Q

how many villi in the small intestine

A

10-40 per square millimetre. most prevalent at the beginning of the small intestine.

46
Q

how many times does villi increase surface area

A

30

47
Q

what is a disorder of the absorptive system of the gastrointestinal tract

A

coeliac disease

this is a condition where your immune system attacks your own tissues when you eat gluten. this damages the gut so you are unable to take in nutrients. histologically it results in villous atrophy, meaning there is a gradual decline and wasting away of villi, which leads to a flattened appearance of the surface of the mucosa, which reduces the wide surface area for absorption of essential nutrients

48
Q

what are crypts

A

these are grooves between the villi

49
Q

what are hyperlastic crypts

A

this is when the grooves become stretched or elongated

50
Q

what is the purpose of the epithelium in the large intestine

A

to absorb water and secrete mucous

51
Q

what is the mucous secreted by in the large intestine

A

paler cells in the epithelium which ensures indigestable material passes towawrd the rectum and anal canal for expulsion of faeces without damaging the epithelium

52
Q

what is the large intestine mucosa responsible for

A

absorption of vitamins that are created by colonic bacteria like vitamin K - essential for blood clotting

53
Q

what are colonic crypts

A

intestinal glands

54
Q

what are the two main conditions of inflammatory bowel disease

A

crohns disease and ulcerative colitis

55
Q

what is crohns disease

A

a life long condition that results in inflammation of the lining of the digestive or alimentary system. it can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract and results in inflammation and collections of the granulomas or lymphoid infiltrates that are transmural or across the wall of the bowel and alimentary system

56
Q

what can crohns disease affect

A

any part of the alimentary system from mouth to anal canal. this will affect someones ability to maintain oral hygiene and their deiet, and can result in a great deal of pain and weight loss

57
Q

what occurs in ulcerative colitis

A

there is inflammation in the colon and rectum only. ulcers can develop or break down the epithelium. this can turn lead to receurrent bouts of diarrhoea and abdominal pain.

58
Q

what are the different alimentary activities

A

secretion
digestion
motility
absorption
excretion

59
Q

give a brief summary of the secretory activities of the alimentary system

A

we produce about 7500ml of fluid in the process of digestion in a 24 hour period, broken down as follows:
600ml saliva
1500ml liquids (consumed by us)
2000ml gastric juice
500ml bile
1500ml intestinal juice
1500ml pancreatic juice
100ml are excreted

60
Q

what are the two mechanisms of digestion

A

mechanical and chemical digestion

61
Q

give a summary of mechanical digestion

A

this is the use of muscle contraction to aid motility and the breakdown of particles. it is involved in ease of movement and mixing. think of “propulsive motility” where the contraction starts at one end and finishes at the other.

62
Q

give a summary of chemical digestion

A

this is primarily enzymes, but also involves some of the hydrochloric acid from the stomach. it takes a complex and turns it to a simple molecule. there are specific enzymes that facilitate the processes like saliva and the pancreas. these enzymes are secreted at different points in the gastrointestinal tract

63
Q

describe the process of motility at the different points of the mouth

A

chewing and swallowing in the mouth
churning in the stomach
peristalsis in the intestine
mass movements in defaecation

64
Q

give a brief overview of the mouth and its involvement with digestion

A

this is the oral or buccal cavity with primary sensory and motor function. it also has other functions like salivation, lymphoid tissue and reflexes. in terms of the sensory functions of the mouth, there is general sensory that we experience elsewhere in the body as well such as pain, movement and temperature. but there is also taste, ie gustition, which is only experienced in the mouth. in terms of motor function, the mouth is involve in feeding, transport, breakdown and swallowing, which is an action that initiates digestion

65
Q

what are the names of the different boundaries of the mouth

A
  • anterior
  • lateral
  • inferior
  • superior
  • posterior
66
Q

what surface of the mouth are the lips on

A

anterior

67
Q

what surface of the mouth are the cheeks found

A

lateral

68
Q

what boundaries of the mouth are the tongue and mylohyoid found

A

the inferior boundary

69
Q

what boundaries of the mouth is the palate found on

A

superior boundary

70
Q

what boundaries of the mouth is the fauces found on

A

the posterior boundary

71
Q

what are the names of the facial muscles

A

temporalis muscle and the masseter muscle

72
Q

what is the name of the facial muscle

A

orbicularis oris

73
Q

what are the three salivary glands called

A

parotid gland which produces serous secretions
submandibular gland which produces a serous mucous mix
sublingual gland which produces mucous

74
Q

what are some examples of exocrine secretions involved in digestion

A

salt and water, mucous, amylase

75
Q

what are some disorders of the salivary gland

A

mumps, sialolithiasis, sialoadentitis

76
Q

what is sialolithiasis

A

salivary gland stones, known as calculi, which are most common in the submandibular salivary gland

77
Q

what is the sialoadenitis disorder

A

inflammation of the salivary gland

78
Q

what is mumps

A

an enlarged parotid salivary gland

79
Q

what body systems is the pharynx involved in

A

digestive and respiratory systems

80
Q

what kind of acid is secreted by the stomach

A

hydrochloric acid

81
Q

what are the different parts of the large intestine

A

caecum
ascending, transverse and descending colon
rectum
anus

82
Q

what are the different layers to mucosa in the gastrointestinal tract

A

epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa and muscularis mucosae

83
Q

where is the submucosa found

A

below the mucosa. it contains dense irregular tissue, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

84
Q

what is the muscularis propria

A

has two layers; the inner circular layer of smooth muscle that goes all around the tube. the outer longitudinal layer comes out toward us

85
Q

what does the type of epithelia in the gut depend on

A

its location

86
Q

what kind of epithelium is found in the stomach

A

simple columnar

87
Q

where are fundic glands found

A

the top of the stomach and in the body of the stomach, in the lamina propria

88
Q

how is the digestive process initiated

A

swallowing

89
Q

what is peristalsis

A

muscular contraction to aid motility

90
Q

where does most of the absorption in the digestive process take place

A

in the small intestine

91
Q

what is nociception

A

pain

92
Q

what is mechanoreception

A

movement

93
Q

what is thermoreception

A

temperature

94
Q

what is deglutition

A

the term for swallowing

95
Q

what are tonsils collections of

A

lymphoid tissue

96
Q

what is the hard palate made up of

A

bone covered by a mucous membrane

97
Q

what is the uvula part of

A

the lowest part of the soft palate

98
Q

what are the fauces

A

the pillars of the mouth where the tonsils are found

99
Q

what structures are found underneath the tongue

A

sublingual salivary gland, submandibular salivary galnd. the general folds under the tongue are the plica fimbriata. the lingual frenulum is also found there

100
Q

what virus is mumps

A

paramyxovirus. it causes swelling of the parotid gland. this can cause infertility and is difficult to treat - no actual cure. treated by symptom release.

Human Systems and Anatomy (54 decks)

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