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Human Systems and Anatomy > Clinical Anatomy of the Face > Flashcards

Clinical Anatomy of the Face Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 parts of the heads skeleton

A

neurocranium and the viscerocranium

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2
Q

what makes up the neurocranium

A

calvaria
cranial base
eight bones

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3
Q

what is the calvaria

A

roof of the skull

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4
Q

what is the cranial base

A

floor of the skull

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5
Q

what are the eight bones of the neurocranium

A

frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
occipital
temperol
parietal

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6
Q

what is the neurocranium

A

the bony covering of the brain and meninges

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7
Q

how many bones make up the facial skeleton

A

14 bones

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8
Q

which skeletal bones are pneumatised

A

frontal
temperol
sphenoid
ethmoid
maxillary

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9
Q

what does it mean to say that bones are pneumatised

A

there is air within them

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10
Q

what makes the skeletal bones pneumatised

A

the paranasal sinuses and the mastoid air cells for the temperol bone

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11
Q

label this

A
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12
Q

what is the proper name for the ear canal

A

the external auditory meatus

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13
Q

how much of non verbal communication is conveyed through facial expression

A

80-90%

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14
Q

who received the first facial transplant around the orifices

A

isabelle dianoire in amiens in france in 2005

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15
Q

when was the worlds second facial transplant

A

2006

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16
Q

what makes up the anterior aspect of the head

A

from the forehead to the chin and from ear to ear

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17
Q

role of the face

A

provide identity depending on underlying skeleton

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18
Q

how does the growth of the facial skeleton compare to calvaria

A

longer

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19
Q

what is included in the calvaria

A

orbit
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
teeth

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20
Q

label this from 1-24

A
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21
Q

what are the triangles of the neck important for

A

important anatomically as well as for identifying lumps and bumps and to work out more sinister lesions

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22
Q

label the surface anatomy of this person

A
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23
Q

how many spinal nerves

A

31

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24
Q

how many cranial nerves

A

12

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25
Q

how many cervical nerves

A

8

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26
Q

how many thoracic nerves

A

12

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27
Q

how many lumbar nerves

A

5

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28
Q

how many sacral nerves

A

5

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29
Q

how many coccygeal nerves

A

1

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30
Q

what are the two most important cranial nerves for dentistry

A

trigeminal and facial

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31
Q

describe the trigeminal nerve

A

supplies sensory innervation to the face as well as motor innervation to the muscles of mastication

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32
Q

what are the branches of the trigeminal nerve

A

opthalmic
maxillary
mandibular

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33
Q

describe the facial nerve

A

supplies the muscles of facial expression, special sensory fibres, general sensory fibres, parasympathetic fibres and efferent fibres to innervate the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands

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34
Q

what are the branches of the facial nerve

A

temporal
zygomatic
buccal
marginal mandibular
cervical

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35
Q

what does the opthalmic nerve supply

A

forehead and scalp
frontal and ethmoidal sinus
upper eyelid and its conjunctiva
cornea
dorsum of the nose

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36
Q

what does the maxillary nerve supply

A

lower eyelid and its conjunctiva
cheeks and maxillary sinus
nasal cavity and lateral nose
upper lip
upper molar, incisor and canine teeth and the associated gingiva
superior palate

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37
Q

what does the mandibular nerve supply

A

mucous membranes and floor of the oral cavity
external ear
lower lip
chin
anterior two thirds of the tongue (general sensation)
lower molar, incisor and canine teeth, and associated gingiva

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38
Q

describe the motor supply given by the trigeminal

A

muscles of mastication
anterior belly of the digastric muscle
mylohyoid muscle

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39
Q

what are the suprahyoid muscles

A

digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid

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40
Q

what are the muscles of mastication

A

medial pteryoid
lateral pterygiod
masseter
temporalis

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41
Q

what is the function of the masseter

A

elevate the mandibule and close the mouth

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42
Q

what is the function of the temporalis

A

elevate the mandible and close the mouth
retraction of the mouth

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43
Q

what is the function of the lateral pterygoid

A

both left and right act at the same time to result in protraction of the mandible
when one acts on its own it results in deviation of the mandible to the opposite side

44
Q

what is the function of the medial pterygoid

A

elevation of the mandible and closure of the mouth

45
Q

what does the masseter originate from

A

zygomatic arch

46
Q

what does the temporalis originate from

A

the parietal and sphenoid bone

47
Q

how many muscles of the face are there in total

A

43

48
Q

how are the muscles of the face arranged

A

around the eyes, nose mouth and ears

49
Q

what are the muscles of the face attached to

A

the bone or fascia, and then to the skin

50
Q

what supplies the muscles of the face

A

the facial nerve

51
Q

what are the roles of the muscles of the mouth, lips and cheeks

A

lips and degree of mouth opening to give good function for eating and talking

52
Q

what is retraction of the lips

A

moving them backwards to smile or show your teeth

53
Q

what is meant by evertion

A

pouting the lips

54
Q

what are the muscles of the mouth lips and cheeks

A

orbicularis oris and the buccinator

55
Q

what is the muscle involved in pouting

A

orbicularis oris

56
Q

what does the orbicularis oris originate from

A

the maxilla and cheek muscles, to insert into the skin and mucous membranes of the lips.

57
Q

what supplies the orbicularis oris

A

the buccal branch of the facial nerve

58
Q

what does the buccinator originate from

A

the maxilla and the mandible.
extends down to blend with the orbicularis oris and the skin of the lips

59
Q

what is the function of the buccinator muscle

A

pulls the cheeks inward to result in pushing the food and fluid into the centre of the oral cavity

60
Q

what supplies the buccinator

A

the buccal branch of the facial nerve

61
Q

what are the two muscular parts involved in the opening of the eye

A

orbital
palpebral

62
Q

describe the orbital part of orbital opening

A

strong closure of the eyes, thicker part of this muscle

63
Q

describe the palpebral part of the orbital opening muscle

A

in eyelids, does soft closure of the eyes including blinking

64
Q

what is the muscle of orbital opening called

A

orbicularis oculi

65
Q

describe the auricular muscles

A

very small, vestigial (no function) in humans
few of us are able to easily move our ears voluntarily

66
Q

describe the route of the parotid duct

A

passes from the anterior aspect and enters the oral cavity opposite the second upper molar tooth

67
Q

which structures pas through the parotid gland

A

external carotid artery
retromandibular vein
facial nerve

68
Q

what encloses the parotid gland

A

a tight investing fascia (sheath of tissue) to form a protective capsule

69
Q

what virus causes mumps

A

paramyxovirus

70
Q

which problems can be caused by mumps

A

deafness
infertility
meningitis

71
Q

what is facial palsy

A

weakness or loss of function of the muscles of the face

72
Q

what is a parotidectomy

A

surgical removal of the parotid gland

73
Q

what is facial reanimation

A

this is bringing the face back to life from paralysis

74
Q

what is bells palsy

A

facial paralysis on one side
the most common cranial neuropathy
only diagnosed if there is no specific cause for the paralysis eg a stroke

75
Q

what is the function of acyclovir

A

helps with viral infection

76
Q

what causes bells palsy

A

swelling as the facial nerve passes through the stylomastoid foramen

77
Q

label this

A
78
Q

what are the branches of the facial nerve

A

temperol
zygomatic
buccal
marginal mandibular
cervical

79
Q

what does the temperol branch of the facial nerve innervate

A

frontalis
orbicularis oculi
corrugator supercili

80
Q

what does the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve innervate

A

orbicularis oculi

81
Q

what does the buccal branch of the facial nerve innervate

A

orbicularis oris
buccinator
zygomaticus muscles

82
Q

what does the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve innervate

A

mentalis muscle

83
Q

what does the cervical branch of the facial nerve innervate

A

the platysma

84
Q

which forms of parotidecotomy are there and which is preferred

A

anterograde, where you locate the main facial nerve and trace out the boundaries, is preferred.
retrograde is going from the branches to the main trunk of the facial nerve

85
Q

why are there electrodes on patients getting surgery on their parotid gland

A

to stimulate any nerves to ensure none are cut; a precaution

86
Q

what is a modified blair incision

A

pre auricular incision in front of the ear to below the ear, back up over the mastoid process and into the skin crease of the neck

87
Q

why is the angle of the mandible noted when doing facial surgeries

A

to note the course of the marginal mandibular division of the facial nerve. damage to that branch can result in loss of function of those muscles at the lower lip

88
Q

what is betadine used for

A

anti septic agent to cleanse the area

89
Q

what do nerve stimulators do

A

buzz any area which looks like the facial nerve to result in electrodes picking up the impulses

90
Q

what causes flexion of the neck

A

muscle moves the neck the opposite when there is ipsilateral contraction and when both contract, there is flexion of the neck

91
Q

what is used if there is risk of damage to the facial nerve as a nerve graft

A

the great auricular nerve

92
Q

what does the main branch of the facial nerve bifurcate into

A

cervicofacial and temperofacial

93
Q

when does facial reanimation become impossible

A

if the paralysis lasts longer than 12 months

94
Q

what is facial reanimation

A

bringing the face back to life

95
Q

what is static reconstruction

A

making the face look symmetrical

96
Q

what is facial anastomosis

A

used for patients with intermediate duration length facial paralysis
not used in long standing facial paralysis
the side to end anastomosis most popular

97
Q

what does the hypoglossal nerve innervate

A

tongue muscles
facial nerve innervate the facial muscles

98
Q

what are the side effects of a facial hypoglossasl anastomosis

A

patients can have contraction of their face every time they ate and drank, but with intestine craniofacial physiotherapy and botulinum toxin type B injections to the face it can be controlled

99
Q

what is the goal of static reamination using autogenous fascia lata

A

not trying to give back full function, just trying to give back some symmetry

100
Q

how is the joker smile prevented in facial reanimation using the tissue taken from the thigh

A

having two joint points

101
Q

what is the fascia lata

A

fibrous avascular band running down the lateral aspect of the thigh with a very minor role in hip movement and knee stabilisation
done endoscopically

102
Q

where is the fascia lata placed in the face to reanimate the face

A

in and around the zygomatic bone and anchored to the modiolus.

103
Q

what is the modiolous

A

corner of the mouth

104
Q

label this

A
105
Q

label this

A

Human Systems and Anatomy (54 decks)

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