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Human Systems and Anatomy > Glands and Lymphatics > Flashcards

Glands and Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three major roles of lymph nodes

A

returns fluid from the tissues back to the heart
helps hormones and lipids enter the blood
immune surveillance

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2
Q

what can diffuse through pores on vascular capillaries

A

albumin and fluid

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3
Q

how many litres of fluid seep out from the capillaries every day

A

20 litres

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4
Q

how many litres of fluid remain in the interstitial space

A

three litres

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5
Q

what do lymphatic vessels do

A

collect excess fluid and return it to the blood

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6
Q

why can the course of lymphatic vessels be described at closed

A

the fluids get into the lymphatic capillaries to be dumped into the veins, it does not circulate throughout the lymph

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7
Q

describe the structure of lymphatic vessels

A

walls made of endothelial cells that only loosely overlap. anchored to structures in the interstitial space by collagen filaments to allow for flexibility.

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8
Q

describe how lymph travels if there is no pump like with the blood

A

smooth muscle reacts to arterial pressure, and there is squeezing of skeletal muscle throughout the day that exerts external pressure to keep the lymph going along.
there are valves to prevent the lymph going backward

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9
Q

what are the lymphatic trunks

A

lumbar
bronchio-mediastinal
subclavian
jugular
intestinal

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10
Q

what are the main lymphatic ducts

A

right lymphatic and thoracic

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11
Q

what do the lymphatic trunks drain into

A

the lymphatic ducts

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12
Q

what does the lymphatic duct collect from

A

right arm
right head
right chest

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13
Q

what does the thoracic duct collect

A

everywhere apart from what the right lymphatic duct collects

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14
Q

where does lymph enter the veins

A

the junction of the jugular and subclavian vein

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15
Q

what is the advantage of the porosity of the lymphatic capillaries

A

they can pick up molecules that are normally too large like nutrients and fatty acids that can be delivered to tissues

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16
Q

describe how fatty acids enter circulation

A

absorbed from the small intestine, packaged into chylomicrons to go into the lacteals of the villi to enter the lymphatic vessels

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17
Q

describe the immune function of lymphoid organs

A

remove foreign material from the lymph to prevent it from entering the blood
act as lookout points for the body’s immune system

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18
Q

what makes up the lymphatic system

A

lymphoid organs and diffuse lymphoid tissue

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19
Q

describe diffuse lymphoid tissue

A

loose arrangement of lymphoid cells in protein in the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract

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20
Q

what are lymph nodes

A

tightly packed balls of lymphoid tissue

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21
Q

what are peyers patches

A

lymph nodes in the lining of the ileum of the small intestine

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22
Q

describe the function of lymph nodes

A

unfiltered lymph drains into them, any pathogens are detected by dendritic cells to be destroyed.
the dendritic cells sample the lymph and present antigens to b cells to produce antibodies

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23
Q

how are antibodies produced

A

antigens are presented to b cells which turn into plasma cells to produce antibodies

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24
Q

where is the spleen located

A

below the diaphragm above the stomach, under the ribs on the left hand side of the body.

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25
Q

describe the structure of the spleen

A

contains white and red pulp

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26
Q

describe the white pulp of the spleen

A

giant lymph node, receives blood to filter it.
antibody coated bacteria are filtered out of circulation to generate antibodies from b cells

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27
Q

describe red pulp of the spleen

A

old or damaged red blood cells are destroyed, and their parts are broken down or recycled.

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28
Q

when is the thymus most active in a persons life

A

neonatal
preadolescence

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29
Q

what happens to the thymus once puberty has been reached

A

atrophies and begins to be replaced by fat

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30
Q

what is the main function of the thymus

A

involved in development of t cells to ensure any that react to self antigens are destroyed by apoptosis

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31
Q

what are the two primary lymphoid organs

A

the bone marrow
the thymus

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32
Q

what happens at the primary lymphoid organs

A

all immune cells are generated and developed

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33
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
tonsils
adenoids
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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34
Q

what happens in the seconary lymphoid organs

A

immune cells go here to finish their development and interact with other immune. they also generate adaptive immune responses

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35
Q

where does maturation of myeloid and lymphoid cells begin

A

the bone marrow

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36
Q

describe the structure and location of bone marrow

A

spongy structure, found in the centre of many bones in the body

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37
Q

which form of marrow has the most active generation of blood cells

A

red marrow

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38
Q

what happens to red marrow as we age

A

it becomes infiltrated with fat to become yellow marrow

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39
Q

where is immune tolerance initiated in the body

A

the thymus

40
Q

describe the location of the thymus

A

superior to the heart, behind the sternum, upper chest

41
Q

when is the thymus most functionally active

A

childhood

42
Q

what are the three main components of lymph fluid

A

interstitial fluid
white blood cells
chyle

43
Q

what is interstitial fllulid

A

fluid that leaves the vascular space and bathes the tissues
similar in composition to plasma but lower in protein count

44
Q

what is chyle

A

this is the chylomicrons that are absorbed into the lymph from digested foods in the gut

45
Q

what are chylomicrons

A

lipoprotein complexes

46
Q

what does lymph look like

A

watery milk

47
Q

where in the body is the primary site of b cell maturation

A

spleen

48
Q

what is the function of the spleen

A

immune surveillance
proliferation and maturation of lymphocytes
degradation of damaged or old erythrocytes

49
Q

how is lymph returned to circulation

A

via the subclavian veins

50
Q

what do lymph nodes contain

A

lymphoid follicles with b cell zones and t cell zones

51
Q

what is MALT

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

52
Q

what is the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

A

aggregates of lymphocytes that make up lymphoid follicles, located in various points in the gut, pharynx and bronchi. allows the immune cells to access the antigens we breathe in or consume

53
Q

where in the body is MALT

A

gut
pharynx
bronchi

54
Q

where are immune cells frequently met with pathogens, or aggregated to be educated activated and matured

A

the seconary lymphoid organs

55
Q

where are immune cells generated and developed

A

the primary lymphoid organs

56
Q

describe the overall structure of the thymus

A

composed of thymic lobules that are separated by connective tissue septa

57
Q

what are the two main components of each thymic lobule

A

the peripheral cortex and the inner medulla

58
Q

explain the staining behaviour of the thymus gland

A

the cortex stains more deeply than the medulla due to having a higher concentration and density of thymocytes

59
Q

what are the three layers of the thymic cortex

A

superficial
middle
inner

60
Q

describe the superficial layer of the thymic cortex

A

superficial subscapular cells forming a squamous sheath and a blood thymus layer

61
Q

describe the middle layer of the thymic cortex

A

stellate thymic epithelium and cytoreticular cells

62
Q

describe the inner layer of the thymic cortex

A

squamous cortical thymic epithelial cells to form the corticomedullary barrier

63
Q

describe the composition of the thymic medulla

A

squamous thymic epithelial cells and cytoreticulum

64
Q

what are hassalls corpuscles

A

congregations of thymic epithelial cells

65
Q

what do thymic nurse cells do

A

educate the thymocytes.
there are 50 thymocytes to one nurse cell

66
Q

which area of the thymus has more thymocytes

A

the thymic cortex

67
Q

what are the two major categories of cells in the thymus

A

thymic epithelial cells
thymocytes

68
Q

summaries thymic epithelial cells

A

derivatives of the third pharyngeal pouch, eosinophilic cytoplasm, pale nuclei. have intermediate filament bundles

69
Q

describe the composition of the blood thymus barrier

A

composed of squamous thymic epithelial cells, pericytes and vascular epithelium

70
Q

what is the function of the thymus blood barrier

A

reduce the likelihood of exposing thymocytes to improper antigens

71
Q

what are cytoreticular cells

A

antigen presenting cells that participate in the thymic education program
they release cytokines to help create the microenvironment necessary for thymic education

72
Q

what do hassall corpuscles do

A

they release cytokines to regulate dendritic activit

73
Q

how many thymocytes are associated with each thymic nurse cell

A

50

74
Q

where are monocytes found in the thymus

A

the corticomedullary junction

75
Q

where are macrophages most abundant in the thymus

A

the peripheral cortex

76
Q

what are the three subtypes of epithelial cells found in the peripheral cortex of the thymus

A

squamous thymic
stellate thymic
other squamous thymic

77
Q

what are the squamous thymic epithelial cells important for

A

thymus blood cells

78
Q

what are the stellate thymic epithelial cells important for

A

forming the cytoreticulum

79
Q

what are the three subtypes of epithelial cells in the thymic medulla

A
  • squamous thymic
  • stellate thymic
  • hassall corpuscles
80
Q

what are some non thymic cells found in the thymus

A

myeloid
fibroblasts
myoid

81
Q

what are the myoid cells in the thymus for

A

facilitation of the migration of lymphoid tissues across the thymus

82
Q

how are the t cells matured

A

MHC proteins are presented in the cortex of the thymus to the maturing thymocytes
if they survive, they advance to the medulla
if they bind to the self antigen, they die
if they don’t, they can either retain CD4 or CD8.

83
Q

what are the t cells that retain CD4 called

A

helper t cells

84
Q

what are the t cells that retain CD8 called

A

cytotoxic t cells

85
Q

which lobe of the thymus is thicker

A

the left

86
Q

describe the arterial supply of the thymus

A

inferior thyroid
internal thoracic vessels

87
Q

what does the thymus blood supply drain into

A

the superior vena cava directly

88
Q

describe the vascular supply of the spleen

A

splenic artery and splenic vein

89
Q

what provides lymph to the spleen

A

the celiac node

90
Q

what innervates the spleen

A

the celiac plexus

91
Q

what supplies the tongue with blood

A

the lingual artery, a branch of the external carotid artery

92
Q

describe the thoracic duct

A

the largest lymphatic vessel, that takes up 75% of lymph

93
Q

describe the route of the thoracic duct

A

it is paravertebral and passes from T12 to the root of the neck

94
Q

what are the tributaries of the thoracic duct

A

left and right lymphatic trunks
left and right intestinal lymphatic trunks

95
Q

what is the cysterna chyli

A

the confluence of the intestinal lymph trunks

96
Q

what does the thoracic duct drain into

A

pirgoff’s angle

97
Q

where is pirgoff’s angle

A

the angle at the junction between the left subclavian and the left internal jugular veins

Human Systems and Anatomy (54 decks)

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