2.2 Inflammation Lec 2

Question 1

What is the most primordial immune function?

Answer 1

inflammation (even invertebrate animals have this response)

Question 2

inflammation is a response to?

Answer 2

injury
infection
trauma
surgery
chemicals

Question 3

Characteristics of Inflammation

Answer 3

• swelling
• redness
• heat
• pain
• loss of function (reserved for chronic inflammation

Question 4

inflammation involves many of the cells and molecules of _____ immunity

Answer 4

innate

Question 5

Major events of inflammation (3)

Answer 5

• Vasodilation
• Increase in capillary permeability resultingg in
• Influx of phagocytes

Question 6

How is an influx of phagocytes achieved?

Answer 6

through a process called diapedesis or extravasationfollowing chemotaxis

Question 7

what is vasodilation?

Answer 7

increase in diameter of blood vessels

*with inflammation, it lowers blood pressure at that location

Question 8

chemotaxis

Answer 8

the directed migration of cells towards a specific tissue area
*Causes diapedesis or extravasation

Question 9

Increase in capillary permeability resulting in?

Answer 9

exudate (fluid accumulation)

swelling (edema)

Question 10

What is edema?

Answer 10

swelling; hallmark of inflammation

Question 11

What is exudate?

Answer 11

fluid accumulation

Question 12

The gingival lamina propria is rich in phagocytes such as?

Answer 12

mostly neutrophils but also macrophagesthat accumulate in response to inflammation

Question 13

The gingival lamina propria accumulates what cells?

Answer 13

lymphocytes and phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)

Question 14

extravasation

Answer 14

white blood cells adhere to endothelium and migrate past endothelium

Question 15

What two Characteristics of inflammation are associated with influx of blood?

Answer 15

• redness (associated with an influx of blood)
• heat (Also related to influx of blood coming from the core, which is elevated in temperature compared to blood from periphery)

Question 16

HOW does an influx of phagocytes due to inflammation occur? What are the major phagos?

Answer 16

**Occurs through a process called diapedesis or extravasation
§ Monocytes
§ Macrophages
§ Neutrophils

Question 17

Difference in gingivitis and periodontitis?

Answer 17

• gingivitis is expected and the 1st level of inflammation; considered the control in periodontal research
• periodontitis is chronic inflammation

Question 18

How long does it take inflammatory response to start after injury?

Answer 18

minutes to hours; it’s quick

Question 19

general diffinition of extravasation?

Answer 19

WBCs adhere to endothelium and migrate past endothelium

Question 20

Sequence of an inflammatory steps of response?

*Must know

Answer 20

1) chemical signals from microbes trigger complement activation that then trigger mast cell degranulation and histamine release
2) histamine from mast cells increases local vascular permeability causing a flow of fluid, WBCs, and RBCs through endothelium. Therefore more blood fluid to the affected area; more complement components
3) vascular endotheliual cells produce adhesion molecules to which WBCs adhere
4) hematopoiesis is stimulated causing increased production of granulocytes
5) complement activation increased migration -chemotaxis of WBCs
6) WBCs adhere to endothelium and migrate past endothelium -extravasation
7) additional phagocytes such as monocytes, macrophages, and nuetrophils enter into the site of infection/injury

Question 21

Innate Immunity steps of response?

*Must know

Answer 21

1) chemical signals from microbes trigger complement activation; complement components, C5a/C3a are activated
2) C5a/C3a cause mast cell degranulation by interaction with complement receptors
3) mast cells produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes
4) mast cells releases histamine from granules
5) histamine increases vascular permeability and vasodilation
6) prostaglandins/leukotriences help sustain increased vascular permeability