2.4 Inflammation Lec 2

Question 1

1) Local infection leads to local?
2) systemic infection leads to?
3) with local infections, some affects are?

Answer 1

1) inflammation
2) systemic inflammation throughout the body; more serious
3) systemic

Question 2

Acute inflammation example and cause in dentistry?

Answer 2

gingivitis

*part of innate immunity and usually resolves due to anti-inflammatory cytokines and development of adaptive immunity

Question 3

chronic inflammation example and cause in dentistry?

Answer 3

periodontitis (arthritis)

*results from a failure to resolve acute inflammation

Question 4

What causes meningitis?

Answer 4

Neisseria meningitidis
• Lipooligosaccharide (version of
lipopolysaccharide) is found
throughout the body
• Really catastrophic event

Question 5

What are considered endocrine cytokines? They are increased by?

Answer 5

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)

*increased by systemic inflammation

Question 6

The endocrine cytokines cause synthesis of acute phase protein in the liver such as?

Answer 6

C reactive protein (CRP)
Serum amyloid A
Complement factors C3 and C4
Coagulation factors
Haptoglobin

Question 7

C reactive protein (CRP) is a great indicator of

Answer 7

inflammation
• Cardiologists check for this in the blood bc it is easy to measure
• Even if you don’t think you have inflammation, there is inflammation going on where plaque develops that is associated with atherosclerosis

Question 8

Serum amyloid A is associated with?

Answer 8

fever

Question 9

Complement factors associated with acute phase in liver?

Answer 9

C3 and C4

Question 10

Example of Coagulation factor in liver?

Answer 10

firinogen

Question 11

What is Haptoglobin?

Answer 11

protein produced by the liver that the body uses to clear free hemoglobin (found outside red blood cells) from circulation

Question 12

The synthesis of acute phase proteins in the liver cause an increase in?

Answer 12

increased plasma viscosity and consequently, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Question 13

systemic inflammatory responses increase the production of _____ by the adrenal gland? Why?

Answer 13

cortisol

*systemic inflammation is a stressful ordeal so your body responds by ‘fight or flight’ and makes cortisol

Question 14

ACTH is produced by? and increased do to?

Answer 14

produced by pituitary gland

increased due to systemic inflammation

Question 15

fever is induced by bacterial molecules that are?

Answer 15

exogenous pyrogens such as LPS/endotoxin

Question 16

LPS induced?

Answer 16

endogenous pyrogens

Ex: IL-1, IL-6, TNF from macrophage lineage cells

Question 17

endogenous pyrogens trigger production of ______ from the brain vascular endothelial cells

Answer 17

prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) -from brain at hypothalamus

Question 18

prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) acts upon the brain where? does what?

Answer 18

hypothalamus

*increases body temperature (acts on thermoreulatory neurons in the median preoptic nucleus region of the hypo)

Question 19

thermoregulatory neurons realse? which eleveates?

Answer 19

Noradrenaline
*elevates body temperature by increasing thermogenesis in BROWN adipose tissue AND by inducing vasoconstriction to prevent passive heat loss

Question 20

What can decrease production of PGE2, thus decreasing fever?

Answer 20

aspirin, ibuprofen, tylonal

Question 21

slight fevers inhance defense mechansims by?

Answer 21

speeding up phagocytosis and antibody reactions and by slowing growth of bacteria

Question 22

controlled fevers inhance the survival of?

Answer 22

infection; so it is good to have a low fever while sick, but you don’t want a high oneq

Question 23

for every 1 degree incrase in celcius in body temp, there is a ___% increase in the matabolic rate?

Answer 23

10%

*this is why you lose weight when you have a long term infection

Question 24

brown or white fat is better?

Answer 24

brown = ‘good’ fat; thermoregulatory neurons act on it to increase temp

Question 25

TLRs (Toll-like receptors) are a type of?

Answer 25

PRR (pattern recognition receptor)

Question 26

TLRs are found on? recognize?

Answer 26

TLRs are found on macrophages, dndritic cells and other cells that recognize PAMPs that are unique to microbes

Question 27

What is PAMPs?

Answer 27

pathogen associated molecular pattern that is specific and unique to microbes that TLRs on WBCs recognize

Question 28

TLRs engage microbial PAMPs y activating?

Answer 28

cytoplasmic signaling pathways that promote the inflammatory response

Question 29

NLRs are? On the lookout for?

Answer 29

NOD-like receptor; a type of PRR present in the cytoplasms of macrophages, dendritic cells, and other cells where they recognize PAMPs that enter the cytoplasm of cells
*look for specific lipoproteins, etc

Question 30

When NLRs engage PAMPs, what is activated?

Answer 30

cytoplasmic inflammasomes for signalling pathwasy that promote the inflammatory response

Question 31

activated inflammasomes specifically convert? How do they do this? Only occurs when?

Answer 31

proIL-1beta to active IL-1beta

• inflammasomes can self polymerize, huge event/stucture in cytoplasm
• *only occurs when a microbe enters cytoplasm; terrible event

Question 32

what is IL-1beta?

Answer 32

a major inflammatory cytokine

Question 33

NODs are self polymerizing?

Answer 33

create enzyme