Chapter 4 Cell Membrane

Question 1

Hydrophobic molecules: 4

Answer 1

O2, CO2, N2, benzene

Question 2

Small uncharged polar molecules

Answer 2

H20, urea, glycerol

Question 3

Large uncharged polar molecules 2

Answer 3

Glucose and sucrose

Question 4

Glucose has gradient ___ cell

Answer 4

Into

Question 5

Osmolarity higher in ____ than in ____

Answer 5

Plasma

ECF

Question 6

Calcium has strong affinity for going ____ cell

Answer 6

Into

Question 7

Cl has ____ concentration in cell

Phosphate is big anion in ____. Role:

Buffer by moving____ out of cell while moving ____ in

Acidosis:

Answer 7

Low

Cell. Buffering

Potassium, H

Potassium in blood increases

Question 8

How fluid drawn in from interstitial space

Answer 8

Protein concentration 1 in plasma 0 in ECF (ISF), so draws fluid into ISF

Question 9

Osmolarity higher in _____ than in ____

Answer 9

Plasma, ECF

Question 10

Glucose has gradient into _____

Answer 10

Cell

Question 11

Things to look up

Answer 11

Nernst potential

Osmotic gradient p= mRt

Question 12

How particles move in facilitated diffusion

Answer 12

Electrochemical gradient

Question 13

Active transport uses what to push something against its _____

Answer 13

ATP, electrochemical gradient

Question 14

Secondary active transport usually uses

Answer 14

Something else, usually sodium gradient

Question 15

Similarities and differences between transporters and channels

Answer 15

Same: selective for what goes through them

Transporters have conformational changes and channels don’t

Question 16

Know how to use Michaels mentin equation

Answer 16

T = Tmax X s / Tk + S

Question 17

Method of transport in sodium potassium pump

Answer 17

Primary active transport

Question 18

What controls number of aquaporins present and how

Answer 18

ADH signals them to cell membrane

Question 19

Many ligands bind to receptors associated with membrane bound __ ___ to initiate transduction pathways. They react with other membrane bound proteins to activate __ ___ systems.

Answer 19

G proteins, second messenger

Question 20

Cyclic amp and IP3 are what

Answer 20

Second messengers

Question 21

What is first receptor and what is second messenger

Answer 21

Ligand receptor is first, G protein is second

Question 22

How steroid receptors work

Answer 22

Lipophilic and able to go straight through plasma, bind to receptor in cytoplasm, binds to DNA in nucleus, attracts RNA polymerase, and up or down regulates a gene.

Question 23

Adenylyl cyclase (cAMP) 8

Answer 23

ACTH
LH
FSH
ADH (V2 receptor)
PTH
Calcitonin
Glucagon 
B-adrenergic agonists

Question 24

Phospholipase C (IP3-ca) 8

Answer 24

GnRH
TRH
GHRH
CRH
Angiotensin II
ADH (V1)
Oxytocin 
Alpha adrenergic agonists

Question 25

Cytoplasmic/nuclear receptor 7

Answer 25

``` Cortisol Estradiol Progesterone Testosterone Aldosterone Calcitriol Thyroid hormones ```

Question 26

Tyrosine kinase 3

Answer 26

Insulin IGFs GH

Question 27

Guanylate Cyclase (cGMP) 2

Answer 27

ANP | Nitric oxide

Question 28

Equation for hydrostatic pressure

Answer 28

P= mRT

Question 29

Simple diffusion worked for ___ ___ molecules or ___ molecules. 2 examples

Answer 29

Small uncharged molecules or nonpolar molecules O2 and co2

Question 30

Facilitated diffusion drawn by ___ ___. Have a ____. Nothing is moving ___ gradient only ____

Answer 30

Electrochemical gradient. Channel. Up. Down

Question 31

Active transport uses ___ to push something ___ it's ___ ___

Answer 31

ATP, against, electrochemical gradient

Question 32

Secondary active transport normally drawn by ___ ___. Uses ___ of something else

Answer 32

Sodium gradient. Energy

Question 33

Differences and similarities of channels and transporters

Answer 33

Both are selective for what goes through Only transporters have conformational changes

Question 34

What is Michaels menten equation What is S, what is Tk

Answer 34

T= Tmax X S / Tk + S S= particles trying to get through Tk= half point

Question 35

V= ___ X ___ / ____ + ___

Answer 35

Vmax X S / Kt + S

Question 36

What max rate of facilitated diffusion is How it's different from simple

Answer 36

Simple diffusion is linear, no max Max

Question 37

Normal membrane potential

Answer 37

-50 to -70

Question 38

What affects number of aquaporins

Answer 38

ADH

Question 39

How hormones have different functions

Answer 39

Nuclear protein receptors

Question 40

ANP and nitric oxide stimulated by

Answer 40

Guanylate cyclase or cGMP

Question 41

Insulin, IGFs, and GH signaled by

Answer 41

Tyrosine kinase

Question 42

Cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, aldosterone, calcitriol, and thyroid hormones stimulated by

Answer 42

Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors

Question 43

GnRH, TRH, GHRH, CRH, Ang II, ADH (V1), oxytocin, alpha adrenergic agonists a stim by

Answer 43

IP3, Phospoholipase C Gsub2

Question 44

ACTH, LH, FSH, ADH (V2), PTH, Calcitonin, glucagon, and beta adrenergic agonists stim by

Answer 44

Camp adenyl cyclase, gsub1