Endocrine 1

Question 1

Neurotransmitters

Released from what and act where and ex

Answer 1

From axon, locally, NPY

Question 2

Endocrine hormones: released by what into what, act where, example

Answer 2

Glands/cells into blood, target cells away, GH

Question 3

Neuroendocrine hormones: released where by what, act where, ex

Answer 3

Secreted by neurons into blood, act at target away cells, ADH

Question 4

Paracrine

Released by what into where, act where

Answer 4

Secreted by cells into EF and affect neighboring target cells that are different than themselves

Question 5

Autocrine

Secreted by what into where, act where

Answer 5

Cells into EF, affect same cells/self

Question 6

Cytokines can be what, ex

Answer 6

Autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine hormones. Leptin

Question 7

Chemical structures

3, ex

Answer 7

Proteins and polypeptides: insulin
Steroids: cortisol
AA tyrosine derivative: NE/epi

Question 8

Polypeptides and proteins
Produced where, tend to be what
Process of activation

Answer 8

Produced in ER, preprohormones

Cleaved to prohormone, golgi apparatus packages into secretory vesicles, exocytosis due to Ca

Question 9

What kind of release is required of polypeptides and proteins

Answer 9

Immeadiate

Question 10

Steroids 
Synthesized from what
Storage 
Soluble in what 
Structure 
Have large amount of what

Answer 10

Cholesterol
Not stored
Lipids
3 cyclohexyl rings and 1 cyclopentyl ring
Cholesterol, ready to mobilize in vesicles

Question 11

4 hormones that are chronic and aren’t needed emergently

Answer 11

Cortisol, testosterone, aldosterone, estradiol

Question 12

What structure do cortisol, estradiol, aldosterone, and testosterone have

Answer 12

3 cyclohexyl rings and 1 cyclopentyl

Question 13

Amine hormones 
Derived from what 
Where they are 
2 ex and ratio 
Stored where

Answer 13

Tyrosine
Adrenal medulla
Epi and norepi, 4:1
Vesicles until exocytosis

Question 14

Thyroid hormones
Synthesized and stored where
Stored w what, how they get into blood, how they get to tissues

Answer 14

Thyroid gland
W globulins, split and become free hormone in blood. Bind to plasma proteins which release hormone to target tissues slowly

Question 15

Negative feedback prevents what

Answer 15

Over secretion of hormone or over activity at target tissue

Question 16

How target organ responds, process

Answer 16

Long feedback.

Target organ to hypothalamus, to anterior pituitary, back to target organ

Question 17

Short feedback loop

Answer 17

Hypothalamus communicates w anterior pituitary to release something, once released it stops hypothalamus from telling it to release more

Question 18

Ultra short feedback loop

Answer 18

Hypothalamus communicates with itself

Question 19

Which hormones are water soluble, dissolved in what

Answer 19

Peptides and catecholamines. Plasma

Question 20

Which hormones bound to plasma proteins

Answer 20

Steroid and thyroid

Question 21

Clearance

Answer 21

Metabolism, bind to tissues, excreted by liver or kidneys

Question 22

Hormone receptors

Bind where 3 and ex

Answer 22

In or on surface of cell membrane (proteins and catecholamines)

In cytoplasm (steroids)

Nucleus (thyroid)

Question 23

Increased hormone will do what to receptors

Answer 23

Down regulate them

Question 24

Ways of down regulating receptors

Answer 24

Inactivating molecules
Inactivate protein signaling molecules 
Sequester receptor away from site of action 
Destroy receptors w lysosomes
Decrease production of receptors

Question 25

Intracellular signaling 1st forms what Process

Answer 25

Hormone receptor complex Ion channel linked receptors stim by NT, causes ion channel linked receptor to open or close for ions. Ion changes cause postsynaptic cell effects

Question 26

``` G protein linked hormone receptors Mechanism of what How many transmembrane seg G proteins include what How to cause change ```

Answer 26

Intracellular signaling 7 Trimeric subunit: alpha, gamma, beta Conformational changes

Question 27

How g protein activated/inactivated

Answer 27

Activated by GTP, inactivated by GDP

Question 28

How enzyme linked hormones work. Example

Answer 28

Proteins pass membrane w enzyme binding site on inside. Binding hormone causes enzyme activ or inactiv. Leptin signals via tyrosine and JAK2, activate signal transducer and activate transcription of STAT proteins, downstream Fx

Question 29

How ca calmodulin works

Answer 29

Ca binds to calmodulin once it enters cell, calmodulin changes shape and activates or inhibits protein kinases

Question 30

How IP3 second messenger works

Answer 30

Activates phospholipase c, catalyzes breakdown of PIP2 into IP3 and DAG. IP3 mobilizes Ca (also acts as 2nd messenger), DAG activates PKC, works for local hormones

Question 31

How steroid hormones work on cells

Answer 31

Increase protein synthesis: enter cell, bind to receptor protein, bind to dna and form mrna, mrna diffuses to cytoplasm to promote translation at ribosomes, new proteins made

Question 32

Thyroid hormones do two things to cells

Answer 32

Activate genetic mechanism and increase metabolic activity

Question 33

Pituitary gland Connected to what 5 types

Answer 33

``` Hypothalamus Somatotropes- hgh Corticotropes-acth Thyrotropes- tsh Gonadotropes- fsh and lh Lactotropes- prl ```

Question 34

Parts of pituitary, do what, connected by what, controlled by what

Answer 34

Anterior and posterior, both make different hormones, hypophysial stalk, hypothalamus

Question 35

Anterior pituitary hormones: 6

Answer 35

Thyrotropin, GH, corticotropin, FSH, LH, prolactin

Question 36

Hypothalamic hormones stim 6 which lead to which 6 ant pituitary hormones and act where

Answer 36

``` CRH- ACTH- adrenal TRH- TSH- through GnRH- FSH-ovary.teste GnRH- LH- ovary.teste PIH/PRH- PRL- mammary GHRH/SS-GH-skeletal muscle and bone ```

Question 37

Posterior pituitary hormones Controlled by what Make what

Answer 37

Hypothalamus | ADH and oxytocin

Question 38

Control of pituitary secretion Which vessels Process

Answer 38

Hypothalamic and hypohysial portal vessels | Hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting. Receives NS signals, reacts by controlling hormones.