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Renal Flashcards

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1
Q

Absorption

A

In gi tract, water into blood

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2
Q

Reabsorption

A

In nephron of kidney, fluid enters back into blood

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3
Q

Secretion

A

Going from blood to filtrate

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4
Q

Filtration

A

Only happens in glomerulus in PCT.

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5
Q

Thirst triggered by

A

Inc ECF osmolality, decreased blood volume

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6
Q

Hormones that control fluid excreted in urine

A

ANP, BNP, ADH, aldosterone

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7
Q

5 things that increase ADH secretion

A

Increased osmolality, decreased blood volume, pain, nausea, physiological stressors

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8
Q

What stimulates aldosterone release

A

Ang II and increased K in plasma

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9
Q

Where aldosterone works

A

Na K ATPase pump on basolateral side of DCT. Increases Na channels to increase Na in blood q

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10
Q

NP action and what they oppose

A

Increase Na in urine to diurese. Oppose aldosterone but not as strong

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11
Q

Calcium range

A

9-11 mg/do or 4.5-5.5 meq/L

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12
Q

Mg range

A

1.5-2.5 meq/l

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13
Q

PO4 charge and range adults, children, neonate

A
  • 1
    2. 5-4.5 mg/dl adults
    4. 5-6.5 kids
    4. 3-9.3 neonate
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14
Q

K range

A

3.5-5 meq/l, higher neonate

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15
Q

Molecules that can pass lipid bilayer easily

A

Hydrophobic: o2, co2, n2

Uncharged small: h20, urea, glycerol

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16
Q

How decreased SNS affects bladder

A

Relax internal sphincter, open it, urinate

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17
Q

How increased pns affects bladder

A

Contract detrusor muscle, open internal sphincter in urethra

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18
Q

How decreased somatic motor neuron activity affects bladder

A

Relax external urethral sphincter, open external, urinate

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19
Q

3 things that promote micturition

A

Decreased sns, increased pns, decreased somatic motor neuron

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20
Q

What are peritubular capillaries

A

Blood sys that’s parallel to tubules to reabsorb and secrete water and electrolytes

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21
Q

If something isn’t filtered in PCT where does it go

A

Efferent arteriole to renal vein

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22
Q

Role of cilia in nephron

A

Mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

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23
Q

Which nephrons are deep, superficial, and have long or short loops

A

Superficial and short loops: cortical

Deep and long: juxtamedullary

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24
Q

Vasa recta

A

Capillaries on juxtamedullary nephrons

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25
Glomerulus role
Capillary net that filters plasma and makes UF
26
Glomerulus in cortical nephrons: what efferent arterioles give rise to
Peritubular capillaries
27
Glomerulus in juxtamedullary nephrons: efferent arterioles give rise to what and role
Vasa recta, concentrate urine
28
PCT surface and role
Brush border villi, main site of reabsorption of solutes and water
29
PCT: which nephron allows more solute reabsorption
Juxtamedullary
30
Descending henle loop: what it isn't and is permeable to, what it does
Permeable to water, impermeable to solute. Concentrates fluid.
31
How thin descending loop different in juxtamedullary vs cortical nephrons
Long, have pyramids that concentrate fluid
32
Thick ascending loop: impermeable to what, transporter And what it does
Water. Na K 2CL, reabsorb solutes, dilutes fluid, and concentration gradient set up
33
DCT: role, what acts on it
Electrolyte modifications, aldosterone
34
Collecting ducts: site of what, controlled by what, other role
Water reabsorption in aquaporins through ADH. Acid base balance, a and b cells
35
Mesangial cell: what it does, types
Smooth muscle cell that relaxes/contracts. Secretory and contractile types. Secretes stuff that makes extracellular matrix
36
Pedicel
Cellular process of podocyte wrapped around capillary
37
Bowman space: where, what happens to stuff here
Bw bowman capsule and glomerular capillaries. Goes to PCT and becomes filtrate
38
What outside of glomerulus made from
Endothelial cells, fenestrations allow leak of solute through. Prevents movement of stuff through podocyte
39
Mesangial cell: 4 roles
Structural support for glomerular capillaries, secretes matrix proteins, phagocytosis, regulates GFR
40
Mesangial cells do what by contracting and relaxing
Alter surface area for filtration and GFR
41
GFR determined by what
Filtration pressure in glomeruli and permeable surface of membrane
42
What varies in glomerulus
Filtration pressure from afferrent to efferent end
43
What affects filtration pressure and how
Blood volume. As it increases, gfr increases to excrete more fluid. And autoregulation
44
How you calculate what is excreted
Filtered - reabsorbed + secreted
45
How creatinine is processed
Freely filtered, goes to PCT not reabsorbed and goes to bladder
46
Inulin tests what
GFR
47
How glucose transported
Apical side- cotransporter with na | Basolateral- own concentration gradient
48
Tmax glucose Conc in plasma Gfr
375 mg/min 80-100 1.25 dl/min
49
How you calculate tmax | What renal threshold # is
Gfr x renal threshold | 300 mg/dl
50
Where most absorption occurs
Pct
51
How much of what is filtered is reabsorbed
99%
52
How most of flow occurs in PCT, what travels
Secondary active cotransporter, glucose, AA, phosphate, organic acids
53
PCT apical transport
Na H antiporter
54
PCT basolateral transport
Na K ATPase 3 Na out 2 K in
55
What stimulates and inhibited reabsorption in PCT
Ang 2 and SNS stim, dopamine inhibits
56
Descending limb permeable and impermeable to what
Water can go out, concentrates. Impermeable to na
57
Where aldosterone works and what it does
Distal tubule and collecting duct, stim reabsorption
58
Ascending limb transport
Apical na k 2 Cl cotransporter, na h antiporter
59
Where thiazide drugs act
Distal tubule
60
Where loop diuretics work
Apical na k 2 cl transporter in ascending limb
61
Distal tubule transport
Na cl cotransporter, apical
62
Collecting duct transport
Na and k channels, both sides. Na k atp on basolateral
63
Bicarb: most reabsorbed where
Pct 80%
64
What happens apical side and basolateral side to bicarb
Apical: reaction CA converts bicarb to co2 and water. Diffuse into cell. Converted back to carbonic acid in cell, bicarb transported out of cell by hco3 cl exchanger or na hco3 cotransporter. H back into lumen to reabsorb more hco 3
65
What stimulates k secretion
Aldosterone and hyperkalemia
66
What stimulates k reabsorption
Low k in diet
67
What alters k secretion
Increased urine flow rate, alkalosis, acidosis
68
What inhibits k secretion
Acidosis
69
How k pumped into cells
Na k atpase
70
How k secreted into CDs
Apical k channels or a intercalated cells, exchange h for k
71
What urea does
Concentrates urine and loop of henle
72
Where and how baroreceptor works
Next to glomerulus. Senses what's going on in DCT, affects renin release, decreased pressure promotes its release
73
Mechanoreceptors, how they work
Increased volume creates pressure, inhibits renin
74
Macula densa- what it senses and what it does
Chemoreceptors, senses NaCl. Senses inc na, inhibits renin
75
What in sns stim renin
Beta 1 adrenergic
76
GFR maintained at what MAP range
80-180
77
What happens when hypovolemic
Stim adh and aldosterone, inhibit anp
78
When using ammonia and phosphate as buffers what happens
Generate more bicarb
79
Ph 7.32 co2 50 hco3 24
Primary respiratory acidosis
80
Ph 7.32, co2 40 hco3 18
Metabolic acidosis
81
7.54, co2 28 hco3 24
Respiratory alkalosis
82
7.54, 40 c02, 34 hco3
Metabolic alkalosis
83
What leads to increased anion gap
Acidosis, acid increases base not lost

Physiology (25 decks)

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