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Physiology > Endocrine 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Growth hormone
Exterts effects __ on almost __ tissues

Increases __ __, __, and __

A

Directly, all

Cell size, mitosis, differentiation

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2
Q

GH
Increases __ __
Increased __ of __ __ for energy
Decreased __ utilization

A

Protein synthesis
Mobilization, fatty acid
Glucose

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3
Q

GH

Enhances body __, uses up __ stores, and conserves __

A

Protein,
Fat,
Carbs

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4
Q

GH

Enhances almost all facets of __ __ uptake and __ synthesis by cells which also reduced the ___ of proteins

A

Amino acid, protein, breakdown

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5
Q

GH protein alteration with __ __ __ has many metabolic actions

A

Insulin growth factor

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6
Q

GH regulation
Peaks when
Drones __% at old age
Stim cased by what: 6

A

Adolescence
25%
Starvation (esp protein), hypoglycemia/low FA in blood, exercise, excitement, trauma, gherkin hormone secreted before meals by stomach

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7
Q

GH reg
Hypothalamus secretes ___ which causes __ __ to make GH
Stomach releases __ which also increases GH

A

GHRH, pituitary gland

Ghrelin

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8
Q

Hypothalamus releases __ which decreases GH output

A

GHIH/Somatostatin

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9
Q

Liver secretes ___ which decreases GH output how

A

IGF 1, increases GHIH

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10
Q

Anti insulin actions: 2

A

Increased lipolysis

Increased blood sugar (carb metabolism)

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11
Q

IGFs by liver has __ actions on skeleton and extraskeletal, what these are

A

Indirect

Skeletal: inc cartilage and skeletal growth

Extra: inc protein synth, cell growth, proliferation

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12
Q

IGFs feedback to __ __ to inhibit __ release and stim ___ release

Overall effect

A

GHRH, GHGIG, inhibits GH release overall

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13
Q

Thyroxine __ %

Triiodothyronine __ %

A

93

7

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14
Q

Most ___ usually converted to ___

A

Thyroxine, triiodythyronine

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15
Q

Triiodothyronine comp to thyroxine: 3 differences

A

4x as strong
Present in smaller amts
Shorter duration of action

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16
Q

Thyroid gland

Lots of __ filled with ___ made of ___

A

Follicles, colloid, thyroglobulin

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17
Q

Thyroid gland
___ contain thyroid hormones
Lined with __ __ cells that secrete into __

A

Thyroglobulins

Cuboidal epithelial, follicles

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18
Q

On entering blood ___% of TH hormones combine w plasma proteins

Proteins synthesized by ___

A

99

Liver

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19
Q

TH

They combine with: 3

A

Thyroxine binding globulin
Thyroxine binding prealbumin
Albumin

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20
Q

TH actions
Receptors attached to __ __ __ or located near them

TH receptor usually forms a __ with __ __ receptor at specific what on dna

A

DNA genetic strands

Heterodimer, retinoid x

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21
Q

Heterodimer binding of TH ___ receptor and initiates __ process
Then large #s of ___ formed then ___ by ribosomes to make new __

A

Activates, transcription

Mrnas, proteins

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22
Q

Thyroid hormones increase __ and __

Trh decreases ___ which decreases __

A

TRH and TSH

TSH, thyroid hormones

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23
Q

Major regulatory step in TH reg

Study These Flashcards
A

TSH release by anterior pituitary

24
Q

Hypothalamus releases ___ which causes ant pituitary to release ___ which causes thyroid gland to release __ and __

Study These Flashcards
A

TRH, TSH, T4, T3

25
T4 and T3 reach target tissues, which release what and and how negative feedback works
Releases T3 to target tissues Releases iodinase which decreases TSH release in ant pituitary through T3
26
Adrenal gland Has a __ and a __ Medulla makes __
Cortex and medulla | Catecholamines
27
Cortex of adrenal glands makes which 2 major hormones and which minor one
Mineralocorticoids and corticosteroids Androgenic hormones
28
Main trigger for aldosterone release
Low volume
29
``` Hypovolemia: Stim ___ release Which leads to ____ Which leads to __ rel Leads to ___ and ___ increase in blood, __ out of blood ```
Renin Ang II Aldosterone Na and Cl, K back to cell
30
Hyperkalemia: | Leads to ___ release which stim which what
Aldosterone, K back into cell Na back into blood
31
Aldosterone causes __ secreted into tubules in exchange for __ reabsorption into principal cells of renal collecting tubules
K, Na
32
Aldosterone Causes secretion of __ ions in exchange for sodium in the ___ cells of the __ collecting tubules This decreases __ concentration in ECF, causing __ __
H, intercalated, cortical H ion, metabolic alkalosis
33
___ causes release of cortisol. Message comes from ___ r/t stress or circadian rhythm Its a ___ type of hormone
ACTH Brain Catabolic
34
Cortisol feedback:
Long loop negative feedback
35
Cortisol release: circadian and stress: ___ released by hypothalamus. Causes ___ release by ant pituitary. Leads to ___ released by adrenal cortex
CRH ACTH Cortisol
36
Cortisol causes what 4 main changes metabolically
Suppresses immune function Gluconeogenesis in liver Protein catabolism by muscle Lipolysis in adipose tissue
37
Cortisol release in blood inhibits __ __ and ___ from releasing ___ hormone
Ant pituitary, hypothalamus Stimulating
38
How cortisol effects immunity and thermoregulatory centers
Decreases mediators of inflammation Decreases release of inflammatory cytokines by macrophages (which are the ones that stimulate thermoregulatory centers to cause fever)
39
__-__% of cortisol in plasma binds to plasma proteins 3 proteins it binds to Half life
90-95% Cortisol binding globulin, transcortin, to lesser extent albumin 60-90 minutes
40
Aldosterone __% combines w plasma proteins Half life
60% | Short, 20 min
41
Aldosterone How its transported in ECF Binding of adrenal steroids to plasma proteins serves what purpose
Combined and free forms (Not all reaches target tissue) Reservoir to lessen rapid fluctuations in free hormone
42
___% ca ionized, ____% protein bound
50 | 40
43
Ionized calcium concentration
1.2 mmol/l or 2.4 meq/L
44
Which ca form most important for functions in body (including cardiac, NS, and bone form)
Ionic
45
Calcium drugs are in which form and why
Non ionic in order to cross lipid bilayer of cell membrane
46
Vitamin d converted from ___ in skin to ____ by liver to ___ by kidney
D3, 25, 1,25
47
How vitamin d and calcium linked
Vitamin d helps calcium absorption into intestines
48
PTH effects 3
Causes bone to release Ca Causes kidneys to conserve Ca Causes intestines to absorb ca
49
How ca absorbed into intestinal epithelium
Calcium binding protein Ca stimulated ATPase Alkaline phosphatase
50
How pth regulates Ca in body (modes) 3
Intestinal reabsorption Decreases Ca excretion and increases phosphate excretion by kidneys Causes exchange between ECF and bone of ions
51
Excess activity of PTH causes what
Rapid absorption of ca salts from bones with resultant hypercalcemia in ECF
52
Hypofunction of pth causes what
Hypocalcemia, tetany
53
What is the receptor in parathyroid
Ca sensitive receptor, CaSR
54
``` Calcitonin ___ hormone secreted by what Increased what stimulates its release Opposite effect of what Role of it is __ than what ```
Peptide, thyroid gland Increase plasma Ca conc PTH Less than pth
55
``` ADH Is a ___ Increases ___ of CD to water Most water reabsorbed as __ fluid passes ducts Produces __ urine ```
Polypeptide Permeability Tubular Concentrated
56
What activates aquaporins, allows what
PKA, allows channel to be permeable to water
57
ADH leads to direct ___ of vessels What leads to its release
Vasoconstriction Baroreceptors in brain

Physiology (25 decks)

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