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Physiology > Sex > Flashcards

Sex Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What is SRY

A

Sex region of the Y chromosome. Codes for anti mullerian hormone

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2
Q

Mullerian ducts give rise to what

A

Uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix

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3
Q

Wolffian ducts give rise to what

A

Epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles

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4
Q

What determines if you are a male

A

Sry, not y chromosome itself

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5
Q

External tissue starts out as what

A

Homologous tissue

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6
Q

Labia minors is what on penis

A

Shaft

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7
Q

Head of penis is what on female

A

Clitoris

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8
Q

Labia majora is what on male

A

Scrotum

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9
Q

Paramesonephric and mesonephric suggest what

A

Tissue starts out next to kidney, where ovaries and testes start before descent

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10
Q

Auxiliary organs to what in male tract, what they are

A

Contribute to seminal fluid but semen doesnt go through them

Prostate, seminal vesicle, bulbourethral gland/calpert

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11
Q

Sperm produced where

Where they are brought to

A

Seminiferous tubule

Rete testis

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12
Q

Sperm maturation occurs where

A

Ductus efferentes to ductus epididymis

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13
Q

What lines testes, what is in between them

A

Seminiferous tubules (sertoli cells and spermatagonia)

Interstitial leydig cells

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14
Q

Intratesticular ducts

3 parts

Within what

A

Rete testes and ductuli efferentes and Tubuli recti

Testes

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15
Q

Excretory ducts
3

Where they are considered

A

Ductus epididymis
Vas deferens urethera

Outside of testes

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16
Q

What is in between seminiferous tubules, what they have, role

A

Leydig cells

White fat where testosterone made from (uses cholesterol from fat)

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17
Q

Role of myoid cells in seminiferous tubule

A

Move sperm along

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18
Q

Sertoli cell role

A

Maturation of germ cells to become sperm, have growth factors

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19
Q

Spermatagonia role

A

Germ cell, gives rise to sperm cells

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20
Q

Testes do not have what occurring inside

A

B or T cells, immune privileged

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21
Q

How many chromosomes sperm and egg have

A

23

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22
Q

How many chromosomes in spermatagonia

A

46

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23
Q

Role of tight junctions in spermatocytes

A

Keep b and t cells out

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24
Q

Sperm cells have how many chromosomes

A

23

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25
Progression of germ cell
``` Primordial germ cell Spermatagonia Division, mitosis Primary spermatocyte Meiotic division I Secondary spermatocytes Meiotic division II Spermatids Differentiation Mature sperm ```
26
When males get mature sperm
Puberty, spermatagonia proliferate by mitosis. Begin meiosis to become primary spermatocytes and continue through meiotic division I to become secondary. Then division II, spermatids, then spermatozoa mature form
27
When mixture of chromosomes occurs
Prophase I separation of homologous pairs, then first meiotic division
28
Have chromosome I genes from who
Some from mom and some from dad. How we get genes from all 4 grandparents
29
Structure of sperm
Packed dna in acrosome head, then mitochondria for power, then principle and end piece in tail
30
How sperm get fiel
Glut 5 transporter, gets fructose in from seminal fluid outside of sperm
31
What stimulates release of LH and FSH
Anterior pituitary by GnRH
32
LH stimulates what, leads to making what
Leydig cell, testosterone
33
FSH stim which cell, leads to making what
Sertoli, sperm production
34
How negative feedback works in make system
LH and FSH feeds back to make less gnrh in hypothalamus and less release of lh and fsh by anterior pituitary
35
In male fsh receptors increase | ___ __ __ which leads to
Androgen binding protein Testosterone plus ABP
36
In females LH increases __ __ in ___ cell FSH increases ____ which develops ___ from androgen in ___ cell
Androgen synthesis Thecal Aromatase Estrogen from androgen Granulosa
37
Testosterone levels in males through life
High in fetal development for differentiation (m or f) Low until puberty Increases at puberty until decrease of 50% in old age
38
Sperm production starts when, highest when, decreases when
Starts puberty, highest at adult age, decreases in old age to about 50% but still present
39
Development of ovarian follicle 4 stages
Primordial follicle Primary follicle Secondary follicle Graffian follicle
40
Age of eggs vs sperm
Eggs- as hold as female plus a few months A few days or weeks, constantly making
41
In primordial follicle ___ __ grows to ___ cells. Which grow to ___ __ of these cells with a ___ ___
Granulosa precursors Granulosa Multiple layers Theca externa
42
Suppressed follicles become what
Artretic follicle
43
After ovulation graffian follicle becomes what What it makes
Corpus luteum Progesterone
44
Layers of follicle
Theca externa, theca interna, antrum innermost
45
Ovaries filled with what at baseline
Primordial follicles
46
Oocyte makes lots of what and why
Proteins | No access to nutrients for a week when egg released, week until implantation
47
Theca interna makes what
Androgens, testosterone precursor
48
Granulosa layer does what
Converts androstein dion from theca interna into estrogen
49
Weak androgens
Dhea and androstenedione
50
Strong androgens
Testosterone, DHT
51
Reserve of sex hormones is in what
DHEA, can be converted into estrogen or stronger androgens
52
Pathway of sex hormones in blood | ___ to ___ to __ or __ to ___ converted by ___ to 3
``` Cholesterol Pregnenolone 17 a hydroxypregnenolone DHEA or androstenedione Testosterone Converted by aromatase Estradiol, estrone, estriol ```
53
Phases in ovary before and after ovulation
Follicular phase | Luteal phase
54
Phases in uterus before and after ovulation
Proliferative phase | Secretory phase
55
Which phase in uterus prepares for next cycle
Ischemic phase
56
Follicular phase= __ phase | Luteal phase= ___ phase
Proliferative | Secretory
57
What leads to egg release
Positive feedback cycle, estrogen triggers more LH and FSH. Spike in estrogen causes follicle to rupture and egg to release
58
Follicle becomes __ __ which produces ___
Corpus luteum | Progesterone
59
What supports uterus after implantation
Progesterone
60
What happens in proliferative phase
Uterus becomes thicker and thicker. Vascularized tissue for egg to land on. If doesn't happen progesterone falls because LH and FSH fall and then endometrium sloughs
61
Follicle of the month becomes what
Corpus luteum
62
Estrogen peaks during which phases
End of proliferative phase, between secretory and ischemic phase
63
Progesterone peaks during which phase
Secretory to ischemic phase
64
What controls negative or positive feedback in female
Estrogen has negative feedback until mid cycle then positive
65
Luteal phase mainly has which hormone
LH, some fsh but not as much
66
End of follicular phase which hormone stim
Fsh
67
Membrane that separates fetus from uterus
Chorion
68
Why you dont menstruate if you have implantation
HCG binds to LH receptor. HCG binds to corpus luteum which makes progesterone, ant pituitary stops making progesterone
69
In pregnancy testing for what
Beta chain of HCG
70
How to test for thyroid issue in pregnant women
TSH decreases because HCG supplements it by binding to TSH receptors. Have to test T3 or T4 because TSH will be low
71
TSH, FSH, LH, and HCG have what in common
Same alpha subunit
72
What happens to FSH throughout life
High in fetus, low at birth, high in infant, cycles until menopause and will stay high
73
LH fluctuation throughout life in female
Peaks in fetus, low at birth, high in infant, low until reproductive years when it fluctuates. Baseline high in menopause

Physiology (25 decks)

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