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Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Branch of PNS that has motor and sensory pathways regulating voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle

A

Somatic nervous system

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2
Q

Branch of PNS (that is centrally located) that regulates body’s internal environment through involuntary control of organ systems, and it’s subdivisions (__ __, __ muscle, and __)

Can be controlled ___ to some extent

A

Autonomic nervous system

Smooth muscle, cardiac, glands. Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Voluntarily

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3
Q

ANS
Located in __ and __

Neurons are pre___ and post___

A

PNS and CNS

Ganglionic, ganglionic

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4
Q

Preganglionic neurons: cell body is in __ (myelinated __ fibers)

A

CNS, myelinated B

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5
Q

Postganglionic neurons: cell body is in __ __ (___ __ fibers)

A

Autonomic ganglia, unmyelinated C

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6
Q

Two divisions of autonomic subs classified __

Often but not always physiologic ___

A

Anatomically

Antagonists

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7
Q

Postganglionic fibers generally __ of CNS

A

Outside

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8
Q

ANS has a __ neuron system except for __ __, somatic system has __ neuron system

A

2, adrenal medulla, 1

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9
Q

Pre and post ganglionic are different from

A

Pre and post synaptic

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10
Q

Activation of ANS by centers in 3

A

Hypothalamus, brain stem, spinal cord

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11
Q

2 subdivisions of brain stem

A

Medulla and Pons

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12
Q

3 of medulla a jobs

A

Airway tone, vascular tone, and respiratory drive

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13
Q

ANS has partial control over 4

A

Systemic BP
GI motility/secretion
Urinary bladder emptying
Sweating and body temp

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14
Q

SNS
Innervation is located in ___ region of spinal cord, Preganglionic neuron cell bodies in __-__/__

In __ horn of __ Matter

A

Thoracocolumbar, T1-L2/3

Intermediolateral, grey

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15
Q

SNS
Post ganglionic neuron cell bodies in ___
___ chains on either side of spinal column
___ ganglia in celiac, superior, inferior mesenteric ganglia in abdomen

A

Ganglia
Paravertebral
Prevertebral

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16
Q

SNS has ___ Preganglionic neurons and __ post

Synapse ___ after leaving CNS in general

A

Short, long, quickly

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17
Q

SNS
___ energy stores
Nerve fibers leave spinal cord __ via __ rami then travel to __ __ ganglia

A

Mobilizes

Ventrally, white, 22 paravertebral

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18
Q

SNS
From paravertebral ganglia nerve fibers can synapse with postganglionic neuron at __ __ or move __ or __ to synapse at another __. Pass ganglia without synapsing to __ ganglia surrounding __ __ (__ ganglia)

A

Same level, caudad or cephalad
Level
Collateral, abdominal aorta, paravertebral

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19
Q

Prevertebral surrounding abdominal aorta are: __, __ __, and __ __

Some ganglia have __ __ as well

A

Celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

Inhibitory interneurons

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20
Q

Thoracocolumbar
Post ganglionic nerve cell bodies found in ganglia of __ __ exit to travel to __ __
Return to spinal nerves via __ __, travel with these nerves to __ __, __ __, and __ __

A

Paravertebral chains, peripheral organs

Gray rami, blood vessels, piloerector muscles, and sweat glands

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21
Q

Distribution of SNS fibers based on __ __ not __ __

A

Embryonic development, spinal segments

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22
Q 
T1 SNS fibers go to paravertebral sympathetic chain to \_\_
T2 to \_\_
T3-6 to \_\_
T7-11 to \_\_
T12-L2 to \_\_
A 
Head
Neck
Chest 
Abdomen 
Legs
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23
Q 
What part of SNS innervates
Head
Neck 
Chest
Abdomen 
Legs
A 
T1
T2
T3-6
T7-11
T12-L2
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24
Q

Parasympathetic innervation
Preganglionic neurons arise in:
Cranial medullary CN 4
Sacral spinal cord __-__ regions

A

CN 3, 7, 9, 10

S2-4

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25
PNS Post ganglionic neuron cell bodies located in __ __ and in __ and __ __ Preganglionic neurons, ___ post
Target organs, head and neck Long, short
26
PNS craniosacral division goal to: Receives innervation from cell bodies located where. 75% where
Conserve and restore energy Cranial nerve nuclei (3, 5, 7, 9, 10). 75% in X passing to abdominal and thoracic areas. Also sacral region of spinal cord
27
Preganglionic neurons of PNS travel to ganglia where
Close to organs they innervate
28
PNS | Vagus innervation to 9 organs
Heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, SI, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, upper uterus
29
PNS CN III where and does what CN V where and does what
3- keeps eye focused 5- submandibular gland, secretions
30
CN 7 where is nucleus and which glands CN 9 where is nucleus and which gland
7- superior salvitory nucleus, lacrimal, nasal, submaxillary glands 9- inferior Salvitory nucleus parotid gland
31
PNS | S2-3 (sometimes 1-4) innervates what (5)
Distal colon, rectum, bladder, lower uterus, external genitalia
32
Postganglionic neurons in __ ganglia including: | ___ ganglion, Preganglionic input is from Edinger Westphal nucleus
Cranial Ciliary
33
Postganglionic neurons __ and __ ganglia have input from superior salivatory nucleus __ ganglion has input from inferior salivatory nucleus Others are located __ or __ walls of visceral organs in thoracic, abdo
Pterygopalatine, submandibular Otic In or near
34
ANS function SNS and PNS actions often __ __ __ antagonistic SNS: __ __, maintenance of __ __ PNS: ___, but __ __ __
But not always Self preservation, vasomotor tone Rest, excitatory visceral functions (digestion)
35
SNS effects in Eyes Salivary glands Blood vessels
Dilate Stop making saliva Want brain flow, constricted on skin, want skeletal muscle flow, gut/kidneys don't need flow, heart and lungs need flow
36
SNS effects on Lungs Heart Adrenal medulla
Bronchodilation for gas exchange Want heart to beat fast and contract strong using ATP 80% epi 20% norepi
37
SNS effects on Liver Pancreas GI
Release glucose. Use blood from liver for other places Release insulin to skeletal muscle, uses glucose Want it to be relaxed, divert blood from it
38
SNS effects on Bladder Sweat glands
Relaxed, sphincter tight | Sweat, want it to cool us off
39
PNS effect on Eye Lacrimal gland Salivary gland
Constricted Can cry or be active Active, digests food
40
PNS effect on Heart Lung Upper and lower GI
Want it slow, some affect in contractility Some constriction Active, secretions in upper
41
PNS effect on Bladder Genitals
Contracts, sphincters able to relax Active
42
SNS ___ response with ___ innervation | 3 uses
Amplification, diffuse Exercise, postural changes, emergency massive response (fight or flight)
43
PNS: ___ and __ targeted responses Both systems exhibit __ __ at rest Heart rate has __ predominance. Blood vessels has __ tone.
Discrete, narrowly Baseline tone Vagal. SNS.
44
Affect of vagus on heart rate Why SNS tone in blood vessels important
Lowers heart rate To get blood to brain
45
Somatic efferent system How many synapses Releases __ on a __ receptor
1 | Acetylcholine on a nicotinic
46
Sympathetic system | Has __ synapses on blood vessel, releases __ on __ receptor
2, acetylcholine on a nicotinic receptor then norepi on a blood vessel
47
SNS | __ receptors release onto sweat glands. First __ on a __ receptor then __ on a __ receptor
2. ACh on nicotinic, ACh on muscarinic
48
SNS __ receptor in adrenal medulla. __ on a __ receptor
1. ACh on a nicotinic
49
PNS | __ receptors on salivary glands. First __ on __ receptor then __ on __ receptor
2. ACh on nicotinic, ACh on muscarinic
50
Sympathetic Preganglionic fibers NT- secrete what Receptor is what
Acetylcholine, cholinergic (nicotinic n type)
51
Sympathetic postganglionic fibers NT= Receptor type=
Norepi | Adrenergic
52
Parasympathetic pre and post ganglionic fibers NT= secrete what Receptor type
Acetylcholine | Cholinergic. Nicotinic at ganglia, muscarinic at organ
53
3 exceptions to NT/receptor rules
``` Adrenal medulla (releases NE and epi as hormones) Sweat glands (sympathetic cholinergic fibers) Blood vessel- muscarinic ACh receptors but no PNS innervation ```
54
Adrenal medulla anomaly: acts as __ built releases what as what Proportions Only place we get what from
Ganglia, releases epi and norepi as hormones. Released systemically not just at synapse 20%norepi 80%epi Epi
55
Point of having epi and norepi
Epi hits beta 1 and 2, norepi just beta 1
56
Sweat gland anomaly: What it's called and how it's different
Innervated by SNS, post ganglionic nerve releases ACh on a muscarinic ACh receptor Sympathetic cholinergic fiber
57
Blood vessel Almost no innervation by what But there are what receptors on them which do what
PNS Muscarinic ACh receptors, activate NO and vasodilation if you have circulating ACh
58
ACh needs to be released where and why
Close to where it's going to be used because degrading quickly, doesn't go systemic
59
Cholinergic receptors PNS Nicotinic: Muscarinic:
NMJ and nn. M1-5 (CNS and ganglia)
60
PNS adrenergic receptors: 5
Alpha 1 and 2 Beta 1, 2, 3
61
Mechanism of action of neurotransmitters: 1. Activation of what 2. Cascade has effect on what 3. Receptor type does what
1. G protein coupled receptor 2. Positive or negative effect on intracellular calcium which has a physiologic effect (inc- constriction, dec- dilation) 3. Receptor type dictates activity of G protein
62
Different parts of body have different __ and __ of receptors Specific effect depends on 3
Types and densities Type of receptor stimulated, receptor density in given tissue, what the second messengers activate at a molecular level in the cell
63
Epi effect on vasculature and skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle has a lot of ___. Effect of epi Skin and GI have a lot of __. Effect of epi.
Constricts, dilates Beta 2. Epi goes to it and dilates Alpha 1. Vasoconstriction from epi
64
Receptors will do what based on plasma concentrations of catecholamines (__ or __)
Up or down regulate Endogenous or exogenous
65
Adenylate cyclase activates ___= smooth muscle __ Increased= Decreased=
CAMP, dilation Vasodilation, increased strength of contraction/heart rate Vasoconstriction
66
Camp effect on Heart Bronchioles GI
Increases contractility Dilates Relaxes
67
PLC activates __ and __ resulting in increased __ and __. Leads to what
IP3 and DAG, PKC, increased calcium. Vasoconstriction
68
M1 ACh G protein: Signal:
G alpha q Excitatory CNS modulatory at ganglia
69
M1 ACH 2nd messengers/output: 3
1. PLC activated 2. IP3 and DAG 3. PKC and increased free calcium Decreased K conductance makes cell more excitable
70
M2 ACh G protein Signal:
Gai Inhibitory cardiac (SA node)
71
M2 ACH 2nd messengers: 3 steps Physiologic response
1. Inhibit Adenylate cyclase 2. Decrease cAMP 3. Increase K conductance Slows heart rate and decrease k conductance
72
M3 ACH G protein Signal:
Gaq Excitatory smooth muscle and glands (GI)
73
M3 2nd messengers: 3 steps Physiologic response
1. PLC activated 2. IP3 and DAG 3. PKC increased and free calcium Smooth muscle contraction. Peristalsis and secretion from a gland
74
Nn ACH G protein Signal
Ligand gated ion channel Excitatory ganglia in CNS
75
Nn ACh 2nd messenger output Physiologic response
Increased Na and K perm Depolarization
76
Nm AcH G protein Signal
Ligand gated ion channel Excitatory NMJ
77
Nm ACh Physiologic response
Depolarization
78
Alpha 1 epi/norepi G protein Signal
Gaq Excitatory blood vessels on veins and skin
79
Alpha 1 epi and norepi 2nd messengers and output 3 Physiologic response
1. PLC activated 2. IP3 and DAG 3. PKC and increased free calcium Smooth muscle vasoconstriction
80
Alpha 2 epi and norepi G protein Signal
G alpha I Inhibitory blood vessels pre synaptic CNS post synaptic
81
Alpha 2 epi and norepi 2nd messengers 3 Physiologic response
1. Inhibit Adenylate cyclase 2. Decrease cAMP 3. Increased K conductance Decreased cAMP increased smooth muscle contraction, increased K hyper polarizes
82
B1,2,3 epi and norepi G protein Signal
G alpha s Excitatory or inhibitory depending on cAMP actions
83
B 1,2,3 2nd messengers 2 Physiologic response
Activate Adenylate cyclase Increased cAMP relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac contractility and rate
84
Muscarinic receptors (g protein coupled: M1,3,5: M2,M4:
Inositol phosphate pathway Inhibit adenylyl cyclase reduce camp
85
Nicotinic receptors 2 types
Nm at NMJ in skeletal muscle Nn autonomic ganglia in adrenal medulla, CNS
86
Don't have drugs that can target which Ms specifically Downside to this
M1,M2,M3 If you effect one, effect all of them
87
Acetylcholine Synthesis: Choline (what brings it into cytoplasm) and acetyl coA (formed from what) form acetylcholine under influence of what
Active transport Mitochondria Enzyme choline acetyltransferase
88
Acetylcholine Storage When released
Stored in synaptic vesicles, released in response to an action potential
89
Acetylcholine Metabolism __ effect. How broken down Cholinergic is transported where for what
Brief. Hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase to choline and acetate Nerve endings for synthesis of a new acetylcholine
90
SNS neurotransmitter selectivity | Norepi:
A1= a2, B1. Not much B2
91
SNS NT selectivity Epi
A1= a2. B1=b2.
92
SNS NT selectivity Dopamine
D1=D2. B, A.
93
Norepinephrine | How it's formed
Dopamine formed in cytoplasm, dopamine enters synaptic vesicle, converted to norepi in vesicle
94
Norepi Storage Release
Stored in vesicle until action potential With action potential it's released from postganglionic SNS nerve ending into ECF via exocytosis
95
``` Norepi Termination of action 1. ___ back into postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings (__%) 2. ___ from receptors by diffusion 3. ___ by enzymes MAO and COMT ```
Reuptake, 80 Dilution Metabolism
96
Epinephrine | Formation
Synthesized in medulla of adrenal glands by chromaffin cells, in same pathway that converts amino acid tyrosine into NE and dopamine (epi is final step)
97
Epi Storage and release
Released after simulation of adrenal medulla by pre ganglionic sympathetic neurons by ACh
98
Epi termination of action Look for what in urine as dx tool
COMT and MAO VMA, in sympathetic pathway. Dx of pheochromocytoma
99
Alpha 1 action on Most vascular smooth muscle Iris Pilomotor smooth muscle
Contraction Contraction- dilates pupils (mydriasis) Erects hair
100
Alpha 1 action on Prostate and uterus Heart- which is more important Pancreas- opposite of what
Contraction Increases force of contraction, B1 Decrease insulin secretion, b2
101
Alpha 2 effects on Platelets Adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals (presynaptic)
Aggregation Inhibits transmitter release, decreases BP and HR
102
Alpha 2 effects on Vascular smooth muscle GI tract
Contraction (post synaptic) or dilation (presynaptic or CNS) Relaxation (presynaptic)
103
Alpha 2 effects on CNS
Sedation and analgesia via decreased SNS flow from brain stem
104
3 places alpha 2 can exist
CNS (sedation), pre synaptic terminal (hyper polarizing, decrease NT release), post synaptic (contraction and vasoconstriction)
105
Beta 1 effect on Heart Kidney
Increases force and rate of contraction through SA and AV nodes Stimulates renin release, BP drops
106
Beta 2 effects on Respiratory, uterine, vascular, GI, detrusor of bladder Mast cells
Promotes smooth muscle relaxation Decreases histamine release
107
Beta 2 effects on skeletal muscle
Potassium uptake, dilation of vascular beds, tremor, increases speed of contraction
108
Beta 2 effects on Liver Pancreas Adrenergic nerve terminals
Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Increases insulin secretion Increases release of norepinephrine
109
Beta 1 and beta 3 effects on fat cells
Activates lipolysis, thermogenesis
110
D1 effect on smooth muscle
Post synaptic location, dilates renal, mesenteric, coronary, and cerebral blood vessels
111
D2 effect on nerve endings
Pre synaptic, modulates transmitter release, nausea and vomiting

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