Cardiovascular Review Flashcards by Hailey Haas

Components of blood:

__% RBCs, think layer of ___ called Buffy coat, and over half is __-

43, leukocytes, plasma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plasma
Water \_\_\_%
Proteins \_\_\_% (what is in this)
Other organic such as amino acids, glucose, hco3 \_\_\_%
Electrolytes \_\_%

90
7
2
1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pulmonary circulation steps from RA to pulmonary veins

RA, rt AV (tricuspid), RV, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, veins, pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Systemic circulation from left atrium to veins of each organ

LA, left AV (bicuspid), LV, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, arteries of each organ, arterioles, capillaries, venues, veins of each organ

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Endocardium:
made of what kind of endothelium
In contact with what
Sub endocardium is what

Squamous
Blood in blood vessels
CT and purkinje fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Myocardium
Made of what
What is sub epicardium made of

Cardiac myocytes

Loose CT, veins, arteries, nerves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Visceral pericardium
What layer name is, what its made of
Holds what

Epicardium, mesothelia

Heart

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Parietal pericardium
Made of what
Where it is, what it does

Mesothelia
Outside of visceral pericardium
Vacuum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Layers inside to outside of heart

Endocardium
Myocardium
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
Parietal pericardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What papillary muscles do

In ventricles, contract when ventricles contract and attached to chordae tendinae. Keeps valves from popping open in wrong direction. Failure is regurg

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All 4 valves can be ___ at once but not ___

Closed, open

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is happening when AV valves open but semilunar valves closed

Diastole, ventricular filling

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens when SL valves open and AV valves closed

Systole, ventricular emptying

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Atrial contraction contributes what to filling

10-15%, not entirely necessary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What you hear in heart sounds

Valves closing, not opening

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Valves do and dont do what at same time

Do contract at the same time but dont close at exactly the same time

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Conduction through heart

SA, AV, bundle of his, left and right bundle branches, purkinje fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is P wave

What is R wave

Depolarization of atria

Depolarization of ventricles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is t wave

What doesnt show up at all on EKG

Ventricular depolarization

SA node

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Phases of cardiac cycle 5

Atrial systole 
Isovolumetric ventricular contraction 
Ejection 
Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation 
Passive ventricular filling

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does and doesnt make valves open

Open and close because of pressure not because of muscular contraction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens in isovolumetric contraction, where on EKG

R wave

Ventricles full, contract, volume constant as pressure increases. Valves closed. S1 when AV close

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens in ejection

Semilunar valves open, pressure decreases, relaxation occurs q

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens in isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

Both sets of valves closed, ventricles relax. Semilunar valves close, S2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens in passive ventricular filling

Pressure in ventricles lower than atria, AV valves open

What happens in atrial systole

AV valves open

``` PA pressure Wont be higher than which pressure Systole range Diastole range Rough mean avg ```

Right ventricle 15-30 3-12 14

Right atrial pressure and mean range Where CVP measured

0-8 4 Jugular vein

Right ventricle systole range and mean

15-28 | 24

Right ventricle end diastolic range and mean

0-8 | 4

If flow in PA same as aorta what is cardiac output

100%

Aorta Systole range Diastole range Mean

96-140 60-90 120

Which atrial pressure should be higher Order in utero

Left atrial Reversed in utero

Left atrial pressure and mean range

4-12 8

Left ventricle Systole range Mean

90-140 | 130

Left ventricle end diastolic range and mean

4-12 | 7

Would prefer clots go where, what aids in this

Go to lungs instead of body. Higher left atrial pressure

End diastolic pressure in RV cant be higher than what

S1 | S2

``` AV close (mitral) Semilunar valves close (aortic) ```

S3 S4 Can hear S3 in who

Rapid flow of blood against empty ventricle Blood after atrial kick Kids or in good hearts

Where there is a big pressure drop and where there isn't

Pressure drop big in arterioles, decent in capillaries Low in venous system, bigger tubes

Where there is most permeability, where there isn't

Most in capillaries Almost none in veins or arteries Small amount in arterioles

Most elastic vessels

Large and medium arteries | Venues and veins have some

Most muscle in vessels where

In arterioles

Innermost layer of arteries and veins | What it is made of

Tunica intima | Endothelial and internal elastic lamina

Middle layer of arteries and veins | What it is, what its made of

Tunica media | Smooth muscle, elastic and reticular fibers, external elastic lamina

Outermost layer of arteries and veins, what its made of

Tunica adventitia | Collagen I, elastic fibers, vasa vasorum (blood supply to larger vessels like aorta)

Characteristics of layers in large elastic artery

Mainly elastic fibers and some smooth muscle in media Thick and well developed adventitia with blood supply

Characteristics of medium muscular artery

Mostly smooth muscle and some elastic in media Thin adventitia, needs less blood flow

Characteristics of layers in arterioles

No internal elastic lamina in intima Thin layer of muscle and little or no elastic media, no external elastic lamina Think or absent adventitia

Only vessel with no external elastic lamina in tunica media

Arteriole

Tunica media in medium arteries versus large arteries

In medium arteries more smooth muscle, changes size based off of told what to do More elastic

Almost no what in small arteries and arterioles

Adventitia

Difference between arterioles and precapillary sphincers

Arterioles dont see what is being emitted in blood by capillary bed, precapillary sphincter does and can be told to open or close

Size of lumen vs size of walls in arteries and veins

Veins are bigger, but wall of artery is thicker

Most common form of capillaries

Continuous. Have membrane around lumen

Fenestrated capillaries

Have windows for rapid exchange, in kidneys and intestines

Sinusoidal capillaries

Wide lumen and discontinuous endothelial layer Allows proteins through. In liver, bone marrow, and spleen

How to calculate arterial capillary pressure

Capillary hydrostatic pressure minus ISF hydrostatic pressure Minus: capillary oncotic pressure minus ISF oncotic pressure

How to calculate venous capillary pressure

Capillary hydrostatic pressure minus ISF hydrostatic pressure Minus capillary concotic minus ISF oncotic

Lymph where, where it brings blood to

In capillaries, brings to venous system

How to calculate stroke volume. Normal number

LVEDV- LVESV ml/beat 70 ml

How to calculate CO and normal number

SV (ml/beat) x heart rate 5 LPM

How to calculate EF and normal range

SV/LVEDV 55-70%

How to calculate PP and normal

SBP-DBP | 40

How to calculate MAP (3 ways) Normal

CO X SVR (flow times resistance) 1/3 SBP + 2/3 DBP DBP + 1/3PP 93

How to calculate SVR

MAP / CO

What identifies heart failure

Heart rate = ____ | If it increases what 2 things also change

Chronotropic CO and BP increase

Contractility= ____ | If it increases what also is affected 3

Inotropic EF increases which leads to increased CO and BP

SVR If it increases what two things change and how

CO decreases but BP increases

CVP If it increases leads to change in what

Increased LVEDV, leads to increased SV, which leads to increased CO and BP

What 5 things affect heart rate

``` CNS ANS Neural reflexes Atrial receptors Hormones ```

What 3 things affect contractility

EDV SNS stim Myocardial oxygen supply

What 2 things affect afterload

Aortic pressure and aortic valvular function

What 2 things affect preload

Venous return and end systolic volume

What 3 things affect stroke volume

Preload, afterload, contractility

Blood pressure regulated by two things

CO and peripheral resistance

Preload affected by

Volume and venous constriction

CO affected by 2

Preload and contractility

Peripheral resistance affected by 2

Arteriolar vessel diameter and blood viscosity (hct)

Vessel diameter impacted by 3

``` SNS stim (constrict w alpha, dilate w beta) Ion factors Humoral regulation (vasodilator or vasoconstrictors) ```

3 vasodilator

Prostaglandins Kin is Endothelial derived factors like NO

4 vasoconstrictors

Angiotensin Epi Calcium Endothelial derived factors

Cardiovascular Review Flashcards

(84 cards)