CNS Part 3 Flashcards by Hailey Haas

Special senses vs somatosensory differences in receptors

Special- high density of receptors in target organ, discrete travel and bundle processing

Somatosensory- diffuse pattern, covers a large field

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Same second messengers can have __ responses based on cell

Different

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Sensory receptors transduce enviro changes into electronic signals. Connect to __ __ neurons which relay info via __ __ to brain and spinal cord. __ __ neuron cell bodies housed in __ __ and __ __ __

Primary afferrent
Action potentials
Primary afferrent, dorsal root, cranial nerve ganglia

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Cranial nerve ganglia have a __ process that extends dismally within a __ __ to sensory receptors, and a __ __ that enters the spinal cord or brain through a __ __ or __ __

Peripheral, peripheral nerve

Central process, dorsal root or cranial nerve

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Each __ __ __ has a specific cutaneous field

T4 Dermatome innervated by

DRG

T4 DRG

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Exteroceptive info: interaction of __ with the __

2 types

Skin, enviro

Fine discriminatory touch and pain/temp

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Fine discrim touch powered by 2

Pain and temp powered by 2

A alpha and a beta

A delta and c (fast and slow pain )

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Proprioceptive info: body and limb position informing ___

Receptors in __, __, and __

Movement

Joints, muscles, tendons

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Enteroceptive info: __ __ of the body. Ex __ in __ or __

Internal status

Stretch, bladder, gut

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One thing all sensory receptors (thermal, chemical, pain, etc) is stimuli causes what

Changing membrane permeability to get action potential

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Receptor potentials can change by 5

Mechanical, chemical, temp, electromagnetic radiation, pain

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Process same for all receptor potentials when get to what level

Action potential

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Sensory receptors will adapt either __ or __ to __ stimulation by a variety of mechanisms

Partially or completely, constant

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Mechanosensitive afferrent fibers __ __ __ or __ __

Tactile fibers fast

Slow adaptation

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Type I mechanoreceptive afferrent fibers have __ receptive field. Higher density of these fibers leads to better __ __ discrimination
Type II fibers have a ___ receptive field

Small, two point

Large

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If a pin pricks finger what would type I vs type II tell you

Type I- exactly where prick is

II- something stabbing your finger but can’t tell where

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Fast adapting: get message __ at first and stop __ with time

Slow adapting is ___

Loudly, firing

Opposite

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What kind of fibers are:
Meisner corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles

Fast adapting 1

Fast adapting 2

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What kind of fibers are merkels disks and ruffini endings

Slow adapting 1 and slow adapting 2`

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More receptors leads to a ___ image

Clearer

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Receptor potential vs stimulus intensity is a ___ patterned chart because can’t sense change above ___

Curved not linear

100%

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Spatial location: __ of neurons within a __ __

Population, receptive feel

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Stimulus intensity: frequency of __, __ of sensory receptors involved

Action potential, number

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Stimulus frequency: ___ interval

Inter stimulus

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Each nerve tract ___ at a specific point in the CNS and carries a selective sensory modality. (Pain and mechanoreceptors not carried by same tract)

Terminates

Sensation is perceived when a specific stimulated __ leads to specific __ in the CNS. Ex separate dedicated cell populations in __ and __ __

Nerve, areas Thalamus, somatosensory cortex

Alteration of the specific nerve tracts activity will only change the __ of the stimulus (___) vs changing the __ of stimulus perceived (__)

Intensity, quantitative, type, qualitative

Dorsal column medial leminiscal 1. Highly __ touch 2. __ sensations (__ gradation of intensity) 3. __ sensations (__) 4. __ contact sensation 5. __ position 6. __ sensations

1. Localized 2. Touch, fine 3. Phasic, vibratory 4. Skin 5. Joint 6. Pressure

DCML Composed of __ __ fibers transmitting signals at __-__m/sec __ spatial orientation

Large myelinated, 30-110, more

Anterolateral (spinothalamic) system 1. __ 2. ___ sensations 3. __ touch and ___ 4. __ and __ 5. ___ sensations

``` Pain Thermal Crude, pressure Tickle and itch Sexual ```

Spinothalamic system composed of ___ __ fibers carrying signals at __m/sec __ spatial orientation

Smaller myelinated, 40 Less

DCML Transmits signals __ to the __ via the __ columns in the spinal cord. Signals synapse in __ __ nuclei

Upward, medulla, dorsal Dorsal column

DCML Where lower body and leg synapses Where upper body and arm synapses

Nucleus gracilis Nucleus cuneatus

DCML steps 1. Transmits signal to ___ 2. Signals synapse in __ __ __ 3. 2nd order neuron axons then __ __ side of medulla and project to the __ via the __ __ (__, __)

1. Medulla 2. Dorsal column nuclei 3. Cross opposite, thalamus, medial lemniscus (pons, midbrain)

Spinothalamic 1. Enters the spinal cord from the __ __ __ _ and synapses in the __ __ 2. Cross to the __ cord 3. Travel upward through __ and __ __ columns 4. Tracts terminate at all levels of __ __ __ and __

1. Dorsal spinal nerve roots, dorsal horns 2. Contra lateral 3. Anterior and lateral white 4. Lower brain stem, thalamus

Which can be modulated by anesthesia more, DCML or spinothalamic

Spinothalamic

Somatosensory pathways in __ __ are where signals help us determine __ signal is __ __ Some areas have a __ field and many signals, __ space dedicated to them in ___

Post central gyrus, where, coming from Large, larger, trunk

___ pathway allows us to have conscious awareness of body movements and local ___ These pathways carry both __ and __ info to __ and __ __

Spine cerebellar, reflexes Cutaneous, proprioceptive, cerebellum, spinal cord

A delta (__, __ __ pain) and C fibers (__, __, __ localized) synapse in the __ matter of the __ __ of spinal cord

Fast, well localized Slow, dull, less Gray Dorsal horn

A delta synapses at lamina __, __, and __ C synapses at lamina __ and __

I, V, X I, II

Central pain pathways 3

Spinothalamic Spinoreticular Spinomesencephalic

Dorsal column nuclei: __ order neurons | In the __. The dorsal column __ contain these neurons.

Second | Medulla, nuclei

Diff between dorsal column neurons and primary afferrent neurons: - receptive fields yield __ area (__ primary afferrent fibers synapse on__ dorsal column neuron) - several types of __ __ neurons (diff modalities) __ on the __ __ __ allowing greater __ in sensory responses - dorsal column neurons often modulated by __ __ that provide __ to the served receptive fields

- Greater, multiple - primary afferrent, converge, second order neurons, diversity - adjacent interneurons, inhibition

Thalamus: __ order neurons - these project to __ __ - __ receptive field - __ and __ circuits - __ __ cycle and __ influence excitability - __ and __ have high somatotopic organization

Third - somatosensory cortex - small - inhibitory and excitatory - sleep wake, anesthesia - Vpl, vpm

Behavior (reflective and voluntary muscle movement or glandular secretion) is triggered by ___ neurons which activate __ neurons

Central, motor

Upper motor neurons __ synapse on lower motor neurons __ __ or __ __ whose axons leave CNS to affect periphery

Brain, spinal cord or anterior root

Supplementary motor areas help with what

Fine coordinated movements, complex and require more stim Posture, vocalization, bilateral movements

Premotor area involved in __ __ and have __ neurons which help do what

Complex movement | Mirror neurons- mimic what you see someone else doing

Consulate motor areas. __ stimulus needed, imp in __

Stronger, coordination

Cerebellum: essential for __, highly __ muscle movements. And for __ of movement. Makes __ adjustments to movement. ___ __, learns from mistakes

Complex, coordinated Sequencing, corrective Muscle memory

Basal ganglia include __ __, __, __ __, __ __, and __ nucleus

``` Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Substantia Nigra Subthalamic nucleus ```

Basal ganglia don't receive input from _ _ but do receive direct input from __ __ via the __

Spinal cord | Cerebral cortex, thalamus

Basal ganglia: lesions here produce __ __ and __

Abnormal movement and posture

Motor neurons controlling somatic musculature form a column of cells in the __ __ of spinal cord

Ventral horn

Interneurons communicating between __ __, descending motor axons from brain, and primary ___ are located __/__ horn unless they supply axial muscles then __ ventral horn

Motor neurons Affarents, intermediate/lateral Medial

Corticospinal tract | __ cells send signals at __m/sec

Betz, 70

Upper motor neurons propagate in __ parts of brain depending on __

Different, tract

Memory storage via increased __ of synapses between neurons following previous neural activity Habituation is what

Sensitivity How we forget things

What is facilitation What is declarative and skill memory

Keeping memories Memory of time and place, interactions Muscle memory

Short term memory Lasts a few __ to __ Reverberating circuit- __ circuit if awareness not __ on it

Seconds, minutes Lose, focused

Intermediate long term memory Lasts __ to __ Habitiuation: progressive __ __ closure Facilitation: __ released, activates receptor, activates second messenger __, activates a __ that Inactivates a __ channel in min to weeks, prolonged __ __ with large amounts of __ released

``` Minutes to weeks Calcium channel Serotonin, Camp, kinase, k Action potential, calcium ```

Long term memory __ strengthening 1. Increase in vesicle __ sites for secretion of __ 2. Increase in number of __ __ released 3. Increase in number of __ __ 4. Changes in structures of __ __ that permit transmission of __ signals __ of memory

``` Synaptic Release, transmitter Transmitter vesicles Presynaptic Dendritic spines, stronger Consolidation ```