CNS Part 2 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
Basic functional unit of CNS, how work is done.
A
Neuron
2
Q
Language of neurons
A
Action potentials
3
Q
Structural support or CNS
A
Neuroglia
4
Q
What maintains and buffers ECF, regulates electrolytes, and is involved in signal transmission
A
Astrocytes
5
Q
What produces myelin
A
Oligodendroglia
6
Q
What in CNS is involved in Immunity and presents antigen to T cells
A
Microglia/ latent phagocytes
7
Q
What lines ventricles and produces CSF
A
Ependymal cells
8
Q
What produces myelin in PNS.
A
Schwann cells
9
Q
1 Schwann cell per ___. 1 ___ can myelinate several axons in CNS
A
Axon. Oligodendrocyte
10
Q
What is structural support in PNS
A
Satellite cells
11
Q
Input directly goes to __ or to __
A
Dendrites or soma
12
Q
Impulses only travel in one direction because of what
A
Refractory period
13
Q
Excitatory comes on __, inhibitory mainly on ___. But there are exceptions
A
Dendrite, soma
14
Q
Axon hillock is dense in __ __. Easier to reach thresholds here than __, which needs more __
A
Sodium channels, soma, inputs
15
Q
Inter neurons have __ axons
A
Small
16
Q
Unipolar neurons more common in what
A
Intervertebrates
17
Q
Pseudo unipolar neurons found in __ __ __, __ neuron. Axon comes straight out and goes to __ __ directions
A
Dorsal root ganglion, sensory. Two different
18
Q
__ neurons common in nose and eye, sensory organs
A
Bipolar
19
Q
___ neurons are motor neurons
A
Multipolar
20
Q
Major neuron types of cerebral cortex: __ cells and __ or __ cells
A
Pyramidal
Stellar or granule
21
Q
Pyramidal cells are __% of cerebral cortex
__ amino acid: __ or __
A
75
Excitatory, glutamate, aspartate
22
Q
Stellate or granule cells are __% __
___ amino acid: __ or __
Most are ___: ___
A
25, interneurons,
Excitatory, glutamate or aspartate
Inhibitory, GABA
23
Q
Anesthetic agents work by enhancing what
A
GABA
24
Q
GABA works by passing ___, brings __ inside of cell. ___ cell further
A
Chloride, negative, depolarizes
25
__ ___ get things from cell body to pre-synaptic terminal
Calcium microfilaments
26
__ and __ can move quickly because of microfilaments
Mitochondria and vesicles
27
__ move slowly
Proteins
28
2 major proteins: ___ from spinal cord to foot. __ moves proteins back up from axon terminus to cell body. Both are __ and use __
Kinesins
Dynein
ATP
Microtubules
29
Rely on __ to keep ions and neurotransmitters in balance. ___ critical for normal neuronal function
Neuroglia
| Astrocytes
30
___ speed conduction
__ can produce glial scars, which is why people with __ __ __ don't recuperate
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes, spinal cord injury
31
RMP __. Depolarize __-__ mV to reach __ mV threshold. __ or __. All action potentials are the same __. Na opens and shuts __. Refractory period __ and depends on __. Need even more __ to achieve hyperpolarization.
-70. 10-20. -50. All or nothing. Size. Fast. Varies, neuron. Depolarization
32
In relative refractory __ channels are open
| In absolute refractory __ channels are closed
K
| Na
33
__, __, and __ look the same on a chart as a phenomenon
Voltage, conductance, current
34
K stops leaking because of __ gradient
Electrical
35
In unmyelinated have to __ depolarize. Requires a lot of __ and running of __ __ to restore gradient, not efficient
Sequentially, ATP, Na/K
36
Because membrane is thin can lose __ into membrane in unmyelinated. Have to overcome __
Myelinate on decreases __ and increases ___. Use less __
Charge, capacitance
Capacitance, resistance. ATP
37
Myelinate on restricts action potential generation to __ __ __
Nodes of ranvier
38
In local anesthetics unmyelinated nerve will have axon __
In myelinated will only be touched at __ and need to cover __ to have a block
Covered
Node, 3
39
ATP pumps on myelinated found where, on unmyelinated found where
Nodes of ranvier
Along entire length
40
Myelinate on benefits: fast ___, __ __ processing, __ advantage
Reflexes, complex mental, metabolic
41
Withdrawal reflex takes place where
Myelinated axon
42
Oligodendrocytes CNS Schwann cell myelination # of cells
Oligodrendrocytes- myelinates many axons with one cell in CNS
Schwann cells myelinate with one cell per axon in PNS
43
A alpha sensory fiber. Size compared to B and C. Conduction velocity. Supplies receptors: __ __ spindles, __ __ organ. ___ fiber
Bigger than b and c. Fast because big. Primary muscle, Golgi tendon. Motor
44
A beta fiber. __ compared to a alpha. Still ___ in velocity. supplies receptors: __ muscle spindles, skin ___
What kind of fiber
A little slower, fast, secondary, mechanoreceptors
Sensory
45
A delta fiber: __ function. __ pain conducted. Supplies skin ___, __ receptors, and ___. These are myelinated or not. This is the __ surgical pain
Important to who
Sensory, fast, mechanoreceptors, thermal, nociceptors
Myelinated. Initial. CRNA
46
Easiest to block __ and __ fibers
B and c
47
C sensory fibers: __ __ fibers. Myelinated or not. __ pain. Receptors are skin __, __ receptors, and __. On __ of nerve fiber
Slow pain, not, mechanoreceptors, thermal, nociceptors. Outside
48
A alpha motor fiber imp in __ __. Receptors in __ __ muscle fibers
Motor movement, extrafusal skeletal
49
A gamma y motor fibers imp for __ and __. Receptors are __ muscle fibers
Balance and tone. Intrafusal
50
B motor fibers. __myelinated. Receptor on __ __ fibers
Lightly, Preganglionic autonomic
51
C motor fibers. __myelinated. Receptor on __ __ fibers
Not. Postganglionic autonomic
52
__ and __ fibers out outside of nerve fiber. __ __ outside. __ __ and __ __ on inside
B, C. A delta.
A alpha and A beta
53
___ neuron-neuron junction present in __ __ (electrical) and __ mediated (chemical)
Classic, gap junctions, neurotransmitter
54
3 types of synaptic signaling
Neuron neuron
Neuron glial
Extra synaptic
55
In extra synaptic signaling NTs released from synapses act on receptors that are __ of the __ area
Outside, synaptic
56
Gap junctions
- __ __ pathways that allow current to flow
- allows exchange of __ __ between cells
- __ and __
Low resistance
Small molecules
Fast and bidirectional
57
Gap junctions
- __ of network activity and __ __ neurons
- regulated by __, __ __, __, and _ _ coupled receptors
Synchronization, electronically coupled
Voltage, intracellular pH, calcium ion, G protein
58
Gap junctions aren't primary means of ___
Connexons are ___
Communication
Channels
59
Chemical synapses
| A lot of __ here to restore ionic gradient. __ going into cell requires removal and a lot of __
Mitochondria, calcium, ATP
60
Chemical synapses
Connections mainly on __ only a few on __ __
Delay when chemicals travel __ __
Dendrites, cell body
Across cleft
61
Synaptic transmission
1. Action potential is propagated to the __ terminal which __
2. __ channels __ in response to depolarization
3. Increased __ conc in presynaptic micro domain promotes __ of vesicles containing neurotransmitter within plasma membrane
Presynaptic, depolarizes
Calcium, open
Calcium, fusion
62
Synaptic transmission
4. NT binds __ __ receptors stabilizing the __ confirmation of the receptor
5. Within __ NT is __ from synaptic cleft
Post synaptic, active
Milliseconds, cleared
63
Synaptic transmission
- ion flow dependent on 2 gradients:
- open or closed confirmation of ion channel results in __ or __
Concentration and voltage
EPSP, IPSP
64
___ of NT is primary, ___ is secondary to reduce NT conc in synaptic cleft
Reuptake, degradation
65
Agonists stabilize __ confirmation channel
Antagonists __ __ from binding and support __ confirmation
Open
Prevent agonists, closed
66
Acetylcholine or cholinergic synapses stopped by ___
Most others such as norepi and glutamate stopped by __
Degradation
Re uptake
67
Gaseous neurotransmitter
NO
68
Fusion of synaptic vesicle that has NT with presynaptic membrane occurs at __ sites called __ __
Specific sites, active zones
69
Active zones rich in calcium channels= micro domain __ in cystolic ca with __ __
Increase, action potential
70
Docking, priming, and fusion process involve ___
SNARE: soluble, n-ethyl, attachment receptor protein
71
V snares: __ __
| T snares: target __ __ __
Vesicle membrane
Presynaptic plasma membrane
72
__, __, and __ zip together bringing the vesicle membrane and presynaptic membrane into close proximity
Synaptobrevin, syntaxin, and snap-25
73
___ appears to be the calcium sensor in vesicular release
Synaptotagmin
74
Vesicular release occurs with voltage gated __ channels __. What inhibits these
Calcium, open
Botulism
75
Calcium entry and exit mechanisms: calcium __, __ gated ca __, __gated ca _, __/__ exchanger
Pump, ligand channel, voltage channel, Na/ca
76
Ca has a crucial role as mediator of __. It is at the base of __-__ coupling
Secretion
Excitation secretion
77
Ca concentration gradients are __
Extracellular __-__ milimolar
Intracellular __-__ nanomolar
Huge
1-2
10-50
78
__ gated ca channel can be blocked by different drugs
Ligand
79
Inactivation channel type: inactivation. Speed. L, P, N, T, Q/R
```
None to little
Slow
Slow
Rapid
Slow
```
80
Antagonist channel in voltage gated ca channel: l, p, n, t
DHP
DHP and spider venom insensitive
Conotoxin and dhp insensitive
Nickel ions
81
```
Activation of calcium channels
L
P
N
T
Q/r
```
```
Strong depolarization
Strong depolarization
Strong depolarization
Near resting potential
Strong depolarization
```
82
```
Location of voltage gated calcium channels
L
P
N
T
Q/r
```
```
Skeletal, cardiac, muscle, brain, neuroendo
Presynaptic
Presynaptic
Cardiac muscle and neuron cell body
Cerebellum granule cells
```
83
```
Function of voltage gated calcium channels
L
P
N
T
Q/r
```
```
Varied
Transmitter release
Transmitter release
Rhythmic potentials
Transmitter release
```
84
Criteria to be a neurotransmitter:
Present in __ __
Cell must be able to __ the subtance
Released upon __ of presynaptic membrane
Specific __ on postsynaptic membrane with or without __ locations
__ and __ don't follow these rules
```
Presynaptic terminal
Synthesize
Depolarization
Receptor, extra synaptic
Hormones and peptide transmitters
```
85
Non peptide transmitters/classic neurotransmitters
- synthesized and packed in __ __
- synthesized in __ form
- usually in __, __ vesicles
Nerve terminal
Active form
Small, clear
86
Non peptide/classic neurotransmitters
- released into __ __
- action of many terminated because of uptake by presynaptic terminals by __ powered __ transport
- action has __ latency and __ duration
- synaptic cleft
- Na, active
- short, short
87
Peptide transmitters
- synthesized and packed in __ __, transported to nerve terminal by __ __ transport
- active peptide formed when it is __ from a much larger __ that contains several neuro peptides
- usually present in __, __ dense vesicles
Cell body, fast atonal
Cleaved, polypeptide
Large, electron
88
Peptide transmitters
- may be released by some __ in the __ cell
- there may be no _- __ synaptic structure
- action terminated by __ or the peptide __ away
- action may have __ latency and may __ for many __
- distance, postsynaptic
- well defined
- proteolysis, diffusing
- long, persist
89
Small molecule/classic NTs
Class I: ___
Class II: __ __, 5
Acetylcholine
Biogenic amines: norepi, epi, dopamine, serotonin, histamine
90
Small molecule NT
Class III: __ __, 4
Amino acids
GABA, glycine, glutamate, aspartate
91
GABA- mostly ___. Most anesthetics __ GABA activity or work on these receptors
Glycine- imp in __ __. __. Not many drugs __ it specifically
Glutamate and aspartate are __
Inhibitory. Increase
Spinal cord. Cotransmitter. Target
Excitatory
92
Neuro peptide/peptide transmitter classes 4
Hypothalamic releasing hormones, pituitary peptides, peptides that act on gut and brain, from other tissues
93
Peptide transmitters: hypothalamic releasing hormones 3
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Somatostatin/growth hormone inhibitory factor
94
Peptide transmitters: pituitary peptides
| __, __-endorphin, __melanocyte stimulating hormone, __, __ hormone, __, __ hormone, __, __
```
ACTH
Beta, Alpha
Prolactin, Luteinizing
Thyrotropin, Growth hormone
Vasopressin, oxytocin
```
95
```
Peptides that act on gut and brain
__ enkephalin (__ peptide), __ enkephaline (__ peptide), __ __, __, __, __ intestinal polypeptide VIP, __ growth factor, __-derived neurotropic factor, __, __, __
```
```
Leucine, opioid
Methionine, opioid
Substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin
Vasoactive, nerve, brain
Neuro tension, insulin, glucagon
```
96
Peptides from other tissues: angiotensin __, __, __ peptides, __
II, bradykinin, carnosine, sleep, calcitonin
97
Gaseous NTs
Are not released from __
__ __ and __ __
Vesicles, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide
98
Gaseous NTs released from __ __ __
Pre synaptic cell
99
How gaseous NTs work
__ or __ come into cell and cause __ increase. __ or __ stimulates _ __ coupled receptor. Increases ca release which binds __. Goes to __ __ __. Converts __ to __ __. Converts __ to __. Decreases _ entry.
AP or NT, Ca, ach or bradykinin
G protein, calmodulin, nitric oxide synthase,
GTP to cGMb, calcium
100
Glutamate responsible for __ __
| Too much glutamate for too long can cause __. End effect __ or __. Too much __ and no __ to pump it out
NT recycling
| Apoptosis. Stroke or ischemia. Calcium, ATP
101
___ takes up glutamate. Sits on __ and __ nerves. Have them on __ cells. __ converts glutamate to glutamine. Transfer glutamine back to neuron without causing __. Rely on __ to keep glutamate levels normal
EAAT. Pre and post synaptic.
| Glial. Astrocytes. Cytotoxicity. Astrocytes.
102
Acetylcholine broken down by __ in synaptic cleft
__ transported back to axon terminal and used to __ __ ach
Acetylcholinesterase
Choline, make more
103
EPSP or IPSP occurs when __ binds to a __ __ receptor.
__ __ channel for fast transmitting
__ __ __ __ for slow transmission
NT, post synaptic
Ligand gated
G protein coupled receptor
104
In G protein receptor when alpha beta and gamma are together channel is __
Inactive
105
Post synaptic responses to NT
| -ion current flows then the direction of flow depends on __ __ of __ __
Electrochemical gradients, per meant ions
106
Ix= gx X (Vm - Ex)
| What I, X, Vm, Ex, and g are
```
I is current
X is an ion
Membrane potential Vm
Ex is Nernst potential
How channel conducts moving through a membrane
```
107
Miniature end plate potential: __ depolarizations of postsynaptic membrane. Reflect __ release of a __ synaptic vesicle. Too __ to reach threshold, _ action potential occurs
Small,
Spontaneous, single, small
No
108
EPSP: __ __ flux. Decreased __ influx or __ efflux. Change in receptor __ or enzymatic or metabolic activity (__ effect)
Increased Na. Cl. K.
| Expression. Delayed
109
IPSP: __ __ influx or __ efflux. Can be __ or __ __. Change in receptor expression or enzymatic activity w __ effect
Increased Cl, k. Pre or post synaptic
| Delayed
110
Spatial summation
Multiple synapses firing causing AP to occur
111
Temporal summation
Same axon firing repeatedly
112
Facilitation
Have some synapses. Not enough to get over threshold. A few more come in and threshold achieved
113
Divergence
Multiple branches come into one single tract
114
Convergence
Single source branches into several branches
115
__ __ helps coordinate motor movements. Releasing __ inhibits it
Reciprocal inhibition
GABA
116
Reverberatory circuits can __ __ on themselves and even __ or __ signal. Imp in __ __ __
Feed back, amplify, inhibit
Short term memory
117
Majority of synapses are ___
Alkalosis in isf __ neuronal ___
Acidosis __ neuronal __
Dendritic
Increases, excitability
Depresses, activity
118
Hypoxia severely __ neuronal __
Drugs can increase and decrease __
Decreases, excitability
Excitability
119
What can increase chances of a seizure
Alkalosis
