CNS Part 2 Flashcards by Hailey Haas

Basic functional unit of CNS, how work is done.

Neuron

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Language of neurons

Action potentials

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Structural support or CNS

Neuroglia

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What maintains and buffers ECF, regulates electrolytes, and is involved in signal transmission

Astrocytes

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What produces myelin

Oligodendroglia

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What in CNS is involved in Immunity and presents antigen to T cells

Microglia/ latent phagocytes

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What lines ventricles and produces CSF

Ependymal cells

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What produces myelin in PNS.

Schwann cells

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1 Schwann cell per ___. 1 ___ can myelinate several axons in CNS

Axon. Oligodendrocyte

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What is structural support in PNS

Satellite cells

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Input directly goes to __ or to __

Dendrites or soma

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Impulses only travel in one direction because of what

Refractory period

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Excitatory comes on __, inhibitory mainly on ___. But there are exceptions

Dendrite, soma

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Axon hillock is dense in __ __. Easier to reach thresholds here than __, which needs more __

Sodium channels, soma, inputs

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Inter neurons have __ axons

Small

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Unipolar neurons more common in what

Intervertebrates

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Pseudo unipolar neurons found in __ __ __, __ neuron. Axon comes straight out and goes to __ __ directions

Dorsal root ganglion, sensory. Two different

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__ neurons common in nose and eye, sensory organs

Bipolar

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___ neurons are motor neurons

Multipolar

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Major neuron types of cerebral cortex: __ cells and __ or __ cells

Pyramidal

Stellar or granule

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Pyramidal cells are __% of cerebral cortex

__ amino acid: __ or __

Excitatory, glutamate, aspartate

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Stellate or granule cells are __% __
___ amino acid: __ or __
Most are ___: ___

25, interneurons,
Excitatory, glutamate or aspartate
Inhibitory, GABA

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Anesthetic agents work by enhancing what

GABA

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GABA works by passing ___, brings __ inside of cell. ___ cell further

Chloride, negative, depolarizes

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__ ___ get things from cell body to pre-synaptic terminal

Calcium microfilaments

__ and __ can move quickly because of microfilaments

Mitochondria and vesicles

__ move slowly

Proteins

2 major proteins: ___ from spinal cord to foot. __ moves proteins back up from axon terminus to cell body. Both are __ and use __

Kinesins Dynein ATP Microtubules

Rely on __ to keep ions and neurotransmitters in balance. ___ critical for normal neuronal function

Neuroglia | Astrocytes

___ speed conduction __ can produce glial scars, which is why people with __ __ __ don't recuperate

Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes, spinal cord injury

RMP __. Depolarize __-__ mV to reach __ mV threshold. __ or __. All action potentials are the same __. Na opens and shuts __. Refractory period __ and depends on __. Need even more __ to achieve hyperpolarization.

-70. 10-20. -50. All or nothing. Size. Fast. Varies, neuron. Depolarization

In relative refractory __ channels are open | In absolute refractory __ channels are closed

K | Na

__, __, and __ look the same on a chart as a phenomenon

Voltage, conductance, current

K stops leaking because of __ gradient

Electrical

In unmyelinated have to __ depolarize. Requires a lot of __ and running of __ __ to restore gradient, not efficient

Sequentially, ATP, Na/K

Because membrane is thin can lose __ into membrane in unmyelinated. Have to overcome __ Myelinate on decreases __ and increases ___. Use less __

Charge, capacitance Capacitance, resistance. ATP

Myelinate on restricts action potential generation to __ __ __

Nodes of ranvier

In local anesthetics unmyelinated nerve will have axon __ In myelinated will only be touched at __ and need to cover __ to have a block

Covered Node, 3

ATP pumps on myelinated found where, on unmyelinated found where

Nodes of ranvier Along entire length

Myelinate on benefits: fast ___, __ __ processing, __ advantage

Reflexes, complex mental, metabolic

Withdrawal reflex takes place where

Myelinated axon

Oligodendrocytes CNS Schwann cell myelination # of cells

Oligodrendrocytes- myelinates many axons with one cell in CNS Schwann cells myelinate with one cell per axon in PNS

A alpha sensory fiber. Size compared to B and C. Conduction velocity. Supplies receptors: __ __ spindles, __ __ organ. ___ fiber

Bigger than b and c. Fast because big. Primary muscle, Golgi tendon. Motor

A beta fiber. __ compared to a alpha. Still ___ in velocity. supplies receptors: __ muscle spindles, skin ___ What kind of fiber

A little slower, fast, secondary, mechanoreceptors Sensory

A delta fiber: __ function. __ pain conducted. Supplies skin ___, __ receptors, and ___. These are myelinated or not. This is the __ surgical pain Important to who

Sensory, fast, mechanoreceptors, thermal, nociceptors Myelinated. Initial. CRNA

Easiest to block __ and __ fibers

B and c

C sensory fibers: __ __ fibers. Myelinated or not. __ pain. Receptors are skin __, __ receptors, and __. On __ of nerve fiber

Slow pain, not, mechanoreceptors, thermal, nociceptors. Outside

A alpha motor fiber imp in __ __. Receptors in __ __ muscle fibers

Motor movement, extrafusal skeletal

A gamma y motor fibers imp for __ and __. Receptors are __ muscle fibers

Balance and tone. Intrafusal

B motor fibers. __myelinated. Receptor on __ __ fibers

Lightly, Preganglionic autonomic

C motor fibers. __myelinated. Receptor on __ __ fibers

Not. Postganglionic autonomic

__ and __ fibers out outside of nerve fiber. __ __ outside. __ __ and __ __ on inside

B, C. A delta. A alpha and A beta

___ neuron-neuron junction present in __ __ (electrical) and __ mediated (chemical)

Classic, gap junctions, neurotransmitter

3 types of synaptic signaling

Neuron neuron Neuron glial Extra synaptic

In extra synaptic signaling NTs released from synapses act on receptors that are __ of the __ area

Outside, synaptic

Gap junctions - __ __ pathways that allow current to flow - allows exchange of __ __ between cells - __ and __

Low resistance Small molecules Fast and bidirectional

Gap junctions - __ of network activity and __ __ neurons - regulated by __, __ __, __, and _ _ coupled receptors

Synchronization, electronically coupled Voltage, intracellular pH, calcium ion, G protein

Gap junctions aren't primary means of ___ Connexons are ___

Communication Channels

Chemical synapses | A lot of __ here to restore ionic gradient. __ going into cell requires removal and a lot of __

Mitochondria, calcium, ATP

Chemical synapses Connections mainly on __ only a few on __ __ Delay when chemicals travel __ __

Dendrites, cell body Across cleft

Synaptic transmission 1. Action potential is propagated to the __ terminal which __ 2. __ channels __ in response to depolarization 3. Increased __ conc in presynaptic micro domain promotes __ of vesicles containing neurotransmitter within plasma membrane

Presynaptic, depolarizes Calcium, open Calcium, fusion

Synaptic transmission 4. NT binds __ __ receptors stabilizing the __ confirmation of the receptor 5. Within __ NT is __ from synaptic cleft

Post synaptic, active Milliseconds, cleared

Synaptic transmission - ion flow dependent on 2 gradients: - open or closed confirmation of ion channel results in __ or __

Concentration and voltage EPSP, IPSP

___ of NT is primary, ___ is secondary to reduce NT conc in synaptic cleft

Reuptake, degradation

Agonists stabilize __ confirmation channel Antagonists __ __ from binding and support __ confirmation

Open Prevent agonists, closed

Acetylcholine or cholinergic synapses stopped by ___ Most others such as norepi and glutamate stopped by __

Degradation Re uptake

Gaseous neurotransmitter

Fusion of synaptic vesicle that has NT with presynaptic membrane occurs at __ sites called __ __

Specific sites, active zones

Active zones rich in calcium channels= micro domain __ in cystolic ca with __ __

Increase, action potential

Docking, priming, and fusion process involve ___

SNARE: soluble, n-ethyl, attachment receptor protein

V snares: __ __ | T snares: target __ __ __

Vesicle membrane Presynaptic plasma membrane

__, __, and __ zip together bringing the vesicle membrane and presynaptic membrane into close proximity

Synaptobrevin, syntaxin, and snap-25

___ appears to be the calcium sensor in vesicular release

Synaptotagmin

Vesicular release occurs with voltage gated __ channels __. What inhibits these

Calcium, open Botulism

Calcium entry and exit mechanisms: calcium __, __ gated ca __, __gated ca _, __/__ exchanger

Pump, ligand channel, voltage channel, Na/ca

Ca has a crucial role as mediator of __. It is at the base of __-__ coupling

Secretion Excitation secretion

Ca concentration gradients are __ Extracellular __-__ milimolar Intracellular __-__ nanomolar

Huge 1-2 10-50

__ gated ca channel can be blocked by different drugs

Ligand

Inactivation channel type: inactivation. Speed. L, P, N, T, Q/R

``` None to little Slow Slow Rapid Slow ```

Antagonist channel in voltage gated ca channel: l, p, n, t

DHP DHP and spider venom insensitive Conotoxin and dhp insensitive Nickel ions

``` Activation of calcium channels L P N T Q/r ```

``` Strong depolarization Strong depolarization Strong depolarization Near resting potential Strong depolarization ```

``` Location of voltage gated calcium channels L P N T Q/r ```

``` Skeletal, cardiac, muscle, brain, neuroendo Presynaptic Presynaptic Cardiac muscle and neuron cell body Cerebellum granule cells ```

``` Function of voltage gated calcium channels L P N T Q/r ```

``` Varied Transmitter release Transmitter release Rhythmic potentials Transmitter release ```

Criteria to be a neurotransmitter: Present in __ __ Cell must be able to __ the subtance Released upon __ of presynaptic membrane Specific __ on postsynaptic membrane with or without __ locations __ and __ don't follow these rules

``` Presynaptic terminal Synthesize Depolarization Receptor, extra synaptic Hormones and peptide transmitters ```

Non peptide transmitters/classic neurotransmitters - synthesized and packed in __ __ - synthesized in __ form - usually in __, __ vesicles

Nerve terminal Active form Small, clear

Non peptide/classic neurotransmitters - released into __ __ - action of many terminated because of uptake by presynaptic terminals by __ powered __ transport - action has __ latency and __ duration

- synaptic cleft - Na, active - short, short

Peptide transmitters - synthesized and packed in __ __, transported to nerve terminal by __ __ transport - active peptide formed when it is __ from a much larger __ that contains several neuro peptides - usually present in __, __ dense vesicles

Cell body, fast atonal Cleaved, polypeptide Large, electron

Peptide transmitters - may be released by some __ in the __ cell - there may be no _- __ synaptic structure - action terminated by __ or the peptide __ away - action may have __ latency and may __ for many __

- distance, postsynaptic - well defined - proteolysis, diffusing - long, persist

Small molecule/classic NTs Class I: ___ Class II: __ __, 5

Acetylcholine Biogenic amines: norepi, epi, dopamine, serotonin, histamine

Small molecule NT Class III: __ __, 4

Amino acids GABA, glycine, glutamate, aspartate

GABA- mostly ___. Most anesthetics __ GABA activity or work on these receptors Glycine- imp in __ __. __. Not many drugs __ it specifically Glutamate and aspartate are __

Inhibitory. Increase Spinal cord. Cotransmitter. Target Excitatory

Neuro peptide/peptide transmitter classes 4

Hypothalamic releasing hormones, pituitary peptides, peptides that act on gut and brain, from other tissues

Peptide transmitters: hypothalamic releasing hormones 3

Thyrotropin releasing hormone Luteinizing hormone Somatostatin/growth hormone inhibitory factor

Peptide transmitters: pituitary peptides | __, __-endorphin, __melanocyte stimulating hormone, __, __ hormone, __, __ hormone, __, __

``` ACTH Beta, Alpha Prolactin, Luteinizing Thyrotropin, Growth hormone Vasopressin, oxytocin ```

``` Peptides that act on gut and brain __ enkephalin (__ peptide), __ enkephaline (__ peptide), __ __, __, __, __ intestinal polypeptide VIP, __ growth factor, __-derived neurotropic factor, __, __, __ ```

``` Leucine, opioid Methionine, opioid Substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin Vasoactive, nerve, brain Neuro tension, insulin, glucagon ```

Peptides from other tissues: angiotensin __, __, __ peptides, __

II, bradykinin, carnosine, sleep, calcitonin

Gaseous NTs Are not released from __ __ __ and __ __

Vesicles, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide

Gaseous NTs released from __ __ __

Pre synaptic cell

How gaseous NTs work __ or __ come into cell and cause __ increase. __ or __ stimulates _ __ coupled receptor. Increases ca release which binds __. Goes to __ __ __. Converts __ to __ __. Converts __ to __. Decreases _ entry.

AP or NT, Ca, ach or bradykinin G protein, calmodulin, nitric oxide synthase, GTP to cGMb, calcium

Glutamate responsible for __ __ | Too much glutamate for too long can cause __. End effect __ or __. Too much __ and no __ to pump it out

NT recycling | Apoptosis. Stroke or ischemia. Calcium, ATP

___ takes up glutamate. Sits on __ and __ nerves. Have them on __ cells. __ converts glutamate to glutamine. Transfer glutamine back to neuron without causing __. Rely on __ to keep glutamate levels normal

EAAT. Pre and post synaptic. | Glial. Astrocytes. Cytotoxicity. Astrocytes.

Acetylcholine broken down by __ in synaptic cleft __ transported back to axon terminal and used to __ __ ach

Acetylcholinesterase Choline, make more

EPSP or IPSP occurs when __ binds to a __ __ receptor. __ __ channel for fast transmitting __ __ __ __ for slow transmission

NT, post synaptic Ligand gated G protein coupled receptor

In G protein receptor when alpha beta and gamma are together channel is __

Inactive

Post synaptic responses to NT | -ion current flows then the direction of flow depends on __ __ of __ __

Electrochemical gradients, per meant ions

Ix= gx X (Vm - Ex) | What I, X, Vm, Ex, and g are

``` I is current X is an ion Membrane potential Vm Ex is Nernst potential How channel conducts moving through a membrane ```

Miniature end plate potential: __ depolarizations of postsynaptic membrane. Reflect __ release of a __ synaptic vesicle. Too __ to reach threshold, _ action potential occurs

Small, Spontaneous, single, small No

EPSP: __ __ flux. Decreased __ influx or __ efflux. Change in receptor __ or enzymatic or metabolic activity (__ effect)

Increased Na. Cl. K. | Expression. Delayed

IPSP: __ __ influx or __ efflux. Can be __ or __ __. Change in receptor expression or enzymatic activity w __ effect

Increased Cl, k. Pre or post synaptic | Delayed

Spatial summation

Multiple synapses firing causing AP to occur

Temporal summation

Same axon firing repeatedly

Facilitation

Have some synapses. Not enough to get over threshold. A few more come in and threshold achieved

Divergence

Multiple branches come into one single tract

Convergence

Single source branches into several branches

__ __ helps coordinate motor movements. Releasing __ inhibits it

Reciprocal inhibition GABA

Reverberatory circuits can __ __ on themselves and even __ or __ signal. Imp in __ __ __

Feed back, amplify, inhibit Short term memory

Majority of synapses are ___ Alkalosis in isf __ neuronal ___ Acidosis __ neuronal __

Dendritic Increases, excitability Depresses, activity

Hypoxia severely __ neuronal __ Drugs can increase and decrease __

Decreases, excitability Excitability

What can increase chances of a seizure

Alkalosis