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0V015 Biology & Pathology > Tissue Types L01 > Flashcards

Tissue Types L01 Flashcards

1
Q

What are three things that happen to light upon an object?

A

It is absorbed, transmitted or reflected.

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2
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

Nervous tissue

Muscular tissue

cardiac tissude

Epithelial tissue - covering & glandular Connective

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3
Q

What is the use for covering epithelia?

A

Protection

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4
Q

Whats an example of covering epithelia?

A

Skin

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5
Q

What is covering epithelia?

A

Cells that line the surface of anything

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6
Q

What is the use of glandular epithelia?

A

Secretion of chemicals

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7
Q

What is an example of a system glandular epithelia may be involved in?

A

Endocrine system

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8
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A series of glands that produce and secrete hormones around the body

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9
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

It can briefly be referred to at this stage as packing tissue.

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10
Q

What is an example of connective tissue?

A

Collagen

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11
Q

What is an orbit?

A

Cavity of the eye that holds the socket

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12
Q

How many bones is the orbit made up of?

A

7 bones

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13
Q

How many bones of the orbit are major bones?

A

3 bones

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14
Q

What are the three major bones of the orbit?

A

Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Maxillary Bone

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15
Q

What are the four non major bones of the orbit?

A

Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Great wing of sphenoid Lesser wing of sphenoid

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16
Q

What does it mean for light to be transmitted?

A

Light goes through that structure e.g. light being transmitted through glass.

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17
Q

How are we able to see the world around us?

A

Light is reflected off objects (this is the light we see) . This light then enters the eye and is focussed on the nerve cells on the retina. These produce electrical signals that get conducted along the optic nerve and go to the brain. The brain then interprets these signals into what we “see”.

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18
Q

How many muscles are attached to the eye?

A

6

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19
Q

How many of the muscles attached to the eye are rectus muscles?

A

4

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20
Q

What are the four rectus muscles called?

A

Lateral rectus Medial rectus Superior and Inferior Rectus

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21
Q

What is the function of the lateral rectus?

A

When it contracts it moves the eyes outwards

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22
Q

What is the function of the (pair of) medial rectus?

A

When they contract they move the eyes together toward the middle of the face - e.g. the move the eyes from side to side.

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23
Q

What is the function of the Superior and inferior rectus?

A

When they contract they move the eyes up and down.

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24
Q

What other classification of muscle is attached to the eye other than rectus muscles?

A

Oblique muscles

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25
Q

What are the two oblique muscles?

A

Superior and inferior oblique

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26
Q

What are the functions of the superior and inferior oblique muscles?

A

When they contract they rotate the eye to some extent.

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27
Q

What is present in the orbit other than the eyeball and muscles?

A

Connective tissue

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28
Q

What does the connective tissue in the orbit do?

A

Cushions the eye

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29
Q

What are nerve cells known as ?

A

Neurones

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30
Q

What do nerve cells transmit?

A

Electrical signals

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31
Q

Where do electrical sigans enter the nerve cell?

A

At the dendrites

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32
Q

What do electrical impulses travel across in a neurone?

A

The axon

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33
Q

What are the two types of nerve cells?

A

Motor neurones and sensory neurones .

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34
Q

What do sensory neurones do?

A

Take information into the central nervous system

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35
Q

What do motor neurones do?

A

Take information from the central nervous to muscles and glands.

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36
Q

Where may you find sensory neurones within the eye?

A

The cornea

37
Q

Where are most nerve cells in the eye found?

A

In the retina

38
Q

What are the three types of muscle fibres?

A

Smooth, cardiac and skeletal.

39
Q

What is skeletal muscle attached to?

A

The skeleton

40
Q

Is skeletal muscle striated?

A

Yes

41
Q

Is skeletal muscle mononucleated?

A

No

42
Q

What is the straition on muscle cells made from?

A

The regular arrangement of myosin and actin

43
Q

What is the obicularis occuli?

A

Muslces that run around the eye.

obicularis - meaning around in latin and occuli- meaning eye

44
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

In blood vessles or hollow organs

45
Q

Are smooth muscle straited?

A

No

46
Q

Is Smooth muscle volunatry or involuntary?

A

involuntary

47
Q

Where in the eye is smooth muscle found?

A

In the cilary body - responsible for changing the shape of the lens and the iris responsible for the shape of the pupil and how much light is allowed to enter the back of the eye.

48
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found ?

A

The heart.

49
Q

Is cardiac mucle striated?

A

Yes

50
Q

Is cardiac muscle volunatry?

A

No, you cant control the beating of the heart.

51
Q

What are the functions of covering epithelia?

A

protection (skin)

adsorbtion (digestive tract)

filtering (kidney)

sensation ( taste buds on the tongue, smell etc,)

52
Q

What shape do covering epithelia tend to be?

A

Polyhedral - “many sided”

often hexagonal so they can tesselate.

53
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

A junction by which twi adjacent cells are attached. They are formed from protein plaques in the cell membrane and linked by filments.

54
Q

What is the apical surface of covering epithelia?

A

The one facing the free space e.g. the the apical surface of the skin is what we can touch.

55
Q

What is the difference between the function of cilia and microvilli?

A

Microvilli - for increased surafce area

Cillia - for movement

56
Q

What shape are covering epithelia often?

A

Hexagonal

57
Q

What are the function of microvilli?

A

To increase surface area

58
Q

Is the epithelial tissue highly regenerative?

A

Yes

59
Q

Are epithelial cells vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

60
Q

What does it mean to be vascular or avascular?

A

Vascular - has lots of blood vessels

Avascular- has a lack of blood vessels

61
Q

Covering epithelia can often have what types of neurones?

A

Sensory and motor e.g. on the skin both sensory and motor neurones are present. Sensory neurones detect things such as pain whilst motor neurones make hair erector muscles contract.

62
Q

How can we classify covering epithelia?

A

Shape and number of layers

63
Q

What are the three types of shapes covering eptihelia can be?

A

Squamous

Columnar

Cuboidal

64
Q

What does it mean to be squamous?

A

Thin and flat

65
Q

What does it mean when we refer to a certain epithelia as simple?

A

It has only one layer of cells

66
Q

What does it mean when we refer to epithelia as stratified?

A

It has more than one layer

67
Q

What are stratified epithelia named in regards to?

A

The shape of the cells on the surface layer e.g. if surface layer cells are squamous its a stratified squamous epithelia

68
Q

How can we identify the shape of a cell other than looking at it’s outline?

A

The shape of it’s nucleus. This usually mirrors the shape of the cell.

69
Q

What shape nuclei will a squamous cell have?

A

Flattened

70
Q

What shape nuclei will a cuboidal cell have?

A

Round Nuclei

71
Q

What shape nuclei will a columnar cell have?

A

Coloumnar/ oval like nuclei

72
Q

How many layer structure is the cornea?

A

5 layer structure

73
Q

What are the five parts of the cornea?

A

Corneal epithelium

Bowman’s Layer

Stroma

Descemerat’s Layer

Endothelium

74
Q

What is type of epithelia is the corneal epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous

75
Q

What is an advantage of the corneal epithelium being stratified squamous epithelia?

A

Good for protection- by having several layers of cells that protects the structure.

So that if surface layers are knocked off underlying tissue isn’t.

76
Q

What type of areas are stratified epithelia present?

A

Areas subject to abrasion e.g. cornea, oesophagus, vagina and skin

77
Q

What type of epithelia is the skin?

A

Stratified

78
Q

What is special about the epithelia of the skin?

A

It is keratinised , making it waterproof.

79
Q

What is transitional epithelial?

A

Epithelia of which the shape can change ( not in the eye).

80
Q

Where is transitional epithelia present?

A

Bladder

81
Q

What are simple epithelia useful for?

A

Transfer of substances e.g. diffusion

82
Q

Where is simple squamous present in the eye?

A

The corneal endothelium - this allows for good diffusion of nutrients in the aqeous humour to the cornea.

83
Q

Where in the body would simpe squamous cells be found?

A

Blood vessels and alveoli.

84
Q

Are simple cuboidal found in the eye?

A

No

85
Q

Where are simple cuboidal found?

A

E.g. Kidney

86
Q

Where can one find simple colomnar epithelia?

A

e.g. gall blader, oviduct , etc.

87
Q

What is pseudo-stratified epithelia?

A

It is simple epithelium but looks stratified. All the cells are different shapes and sizes and so ;ook startified but really and truly rest on one basement membrane.

88
Q

Where are pseudo-stratified epithelia found?

A

Trachea

0V015 Biology & Pathology (57 decks)

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