Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

0V015 Biology & Pathology > Cardiovascular Pathology L20 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Pathology L20 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general cardiovascular diseases?

A 
Atheroma 
Thrombosis
Embolism
Aneurysm
Cerebrovascular (stroke)
Cardiovascular ( heart attack)
Senile arteriosclerosis
Hypertension
Arrhythmias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do most cardiovascular diseases involve a problem with?

A

Arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica interna/intima
Tunica media
Tunica Externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the tunica interna/intima made of?

A

Single squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is each tunica layer of blood vessels separated by?

A

By an elastic layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Loss of elasticity in arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is senile arteriosclerosis?

A

Arteriosclerosis in old people ( often caused by ageing) as overtime a degeneration of smooth muscle can occur and crosslinking between collagen and elastic results in a thickening of the arterial wall as well as making it more rigid. As well as this occurring we get the deposition of calcium salts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is elasticity in arteries important?

A

As it enables them to dilate during cardiac systole, preventing extreme rises in blood pressure, and elastic recoil during systole which facilitates the movement of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the most important form of arteriosclerosis?

A

Atherosclerosis ( atheroma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does atheroma/atherosclerosis cause?

A

Heart attacks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is atheroma/atherosclerosis?

A

A deposition of fibrous plaque within the tunica interna/intima of arteries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does atheroma occur?

A

Typically it is caused by an injury to the blood vessel wall ( this can be through smoking, a virus, hypertension etc,.)

Damaged endothelium cells release chemotactic factors.
These attract low density lipoproteins (LDLs) which become oxidised.A by product of that is cholesterol starts to accumulate in the tunica interna and then phagocytes ingest these lipid masses. Lumps of cholesterol and lipids in phagocytes forms ‘foam cells’. This causes the formation of a fatty ‘yellow’ streak (this is basically a small lump) in the vessel’s tunica interna.

In order to repair this ‘yellow streak’ smooth muscle cells from the tunica media migrate to the tunica interna. These replicate and produce connective tissue. ( essentially causing the lipid lump to be covered by connective tissue).

Then eventually other substances from the blood are deposited such as calcium and then there is an infiltration of white blood cells.

Eventually this lump becomes bigger and stops blood from being able to supply the tunica media oxygen and so it then becomes starved of oxygen. The tunica media dies ( it undergoes necrosis) and thus scar tissue is formed.

Overall the lumen size decreases ( a lot !!!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a chemotactic factor?

A

Chemical substances that either attract or repel cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an arteriopathy?

A

Any disease of the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the ateiology of atheroma?

A 
Being male and over 40.
Being overweight
No exercise 
Poor Diet
Stress
Alcohol
Smoking 
Diabetes 
Oral contraceptives
Genetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What size blood vessels are more succeptible to atheroma?

A

Smaller blood vessels as they can become completely blocked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can be a consequence of atheroma?

A

Plaques may become the site of thrombosis
Embolism may occur.
A plaque can be the site of an aneurysm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

A blood clot within a closed vessel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is thrombosis more likely to occur at the site of plaque?

A

Plaque reduces the size of the lumen in a vessel this causes blood flow to slow down. Anything that slows down blood flowcan cause clots.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis caused by?

A

Endothelial damage
Hypercoagulability
Venous stasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is venuous stasis?

A

Slow blood flow in veins ( i.e. not enough blood flow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

A 
Pain
Swelling
Redness
Warmness
etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where does DVT (deep vein thrombosis) most occur?

A

In the leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is an embolus?

A

A bit of a blood clot that has broken off

25
Q

What is dangerous about an embolus?

A

It can travel in the blood and get stuck in a smaller vessel this typically happens in the lungs. This is called a venous thromboembolism

26
Q

How can atheroma cause haemorrhage?

A

Atheroma weakens blood vessel wall causing a bulge in it. This is called an aneurysm. This aneurysm can burst to lead to haemorrhage.

27
Q

How can an aneurysm lead to a stroke?

A

It will burst and so the brain will not get enough oxygen

28
Q

How can aneurysms be stopped from bursting?

A

They can be clipped off or bound.

29
Q

What is infarction?

A

obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue.

30
Q

Why is CNS tissue very succeptible to infarction?

A

It has a high metabolic demand for oxygen and so a lack of oxygen at any given point can cause a lot of damage furthermore it also cannot regnerate and so any damage done by lack of oxygen cannot be repaired in adults.

(neurones don’t regenrate)

31
Q

What is an infacrt of brain tissue known as?

A

A Stroke

32
Q

What are the two types of strokes?

A

Haemorrhagic Stroke

Occlusive/ischaemic Stroke

33
Q

What is the difference between a Haemorrhagic stroke and an occlusive/ischaemic stroke?

A

A heamorrhagic stroke is caused by the bursting of an anneurysm whereas an occlusive/ischhaemic stroke is caused by thrombosis of a vessel near/in the brain.

34
Q

Why is a myocardial infarction very serious?

A

The heart needs to beat uninterrupted

Cardiac muscle is amitotic ( doesnt regenerate)

35
Q

What is ischaemic heart disease?

A

The heart muscle doesn’t recieve enough oxygen from the coronary arteries due to narrowing of the coronary artery as a result of atheroma.

36
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

Supply the heart with oxygenated blood so it can function.

37
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Short term Temporary chest pain or discomfort caused as a result of inadequate blood supply to the heart during times of ‘increased’ demand. ( the artery isn’t completely blocked)

During angina no heart muscle dies if blood supply gets to the heart in time as you reduce demand ( i.e. rest)

38
Q

What is the scientific name for a heart attack?

A

Myocardial infarction

39
Q

What is myocardial infarction caused by?

A

If the blood supply to the heart via the coronary artery is blocked for a longer period of time, heart muscle dies.

40
Q

What does the severity of the infarction depend on?

A

Its size

Location

41
Q

What are the causes of death following a heart attack?

A

Insufficient cardiac output
Rupture of infarcted area after the attack
Ventricular fibrillation ( myocardial infarction near SAN can cause excessive number of electrical impulses being released)
Pulmonary oedema

42
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

The heart isn’t pumping pout blood efficently and so blood dams up in venuous system (in veins). When blood is stationary plasma leaks out into surrounding tissues, near the lungs this causes drowning.

43
Q

How can we prevent or alleviate myocardial infarction?

A

Clot busting drugs

Drugs to prevent blood clots forming (aspirin, heparin,wafarin)

Angioplasty/Stent

Coronary bypass surgery

Stem cell therapy ( stem cells are placed in the infarcted area to produce new cardiac muscle).

44
Q

What is an angioplasty?

A

Inserting a balloon into a vessel to squash plaque.

45
Q

What is coronary bypass surgery?

A

When ‘new’ blood vessels are ‘sewed’ to the heart to provide it oxygen

46
Q

Where do the ‘new’ blood vessels in coronary bypass surgery come from and why?

A

The patient’s own leg, to avoid rejection.

47
Q

What is hypertension?

A

a prolonged period of high blood pressure

48
Q

Why might those with senile arteriosclerosis have high blood pressure?

A

Systolic blood pressure is somewhat lowered by the vessel dilating however in those who have senile arteriosclerosis the vessel becomes rigid and hardened, meaning this cannot happen and so increased blood pressure is present.

49
Q

What are the long term effects of hypertension?

A

Kidney damage
Increased bulk of the heart ( increased size of myocardium decreases size of ventricles putting more strain on the heart)
Damaged arteries leading to atherosclerosis.

50
Q

What two types of hypertension can one have?

A

Benign or malignant hypertension

51
Q

What does it mean to have benign hypertension?

A

It is chronic and has a slow onset

52
Q

What does it mean to have malignant hypertension?

A

The onset is rapid.

53
Q

What is an increased heart rate called?

A

Tachycardia

54
Q

What is a decreased heart rate called?

A

Bradycardia

55
Q

What is an ectopic pacemaker?

A

An out of place pacemaker i.e. not the SAN

Ectopic - refers to out of place

56
Q

How can an ectopic pacemaker occur?

A

Different parts of the heart actually have the ability to act as pacemakers due to the qualities they have and as a result if there is damage to the SAN , the purkinje fibres for example, could act as a pacemaker essentially causing the heart to beat backwards.

57
Q

If there is a break in the system of the heart for example if there is damage to the bundle of his, what is this called?

A

Heart Block

58
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

A series of very high frequency uncoordinated contractions.

0V015 Biology & Pathology (57 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions