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0v015 biology & pathology > L41 Eyelid & Conjunctiva > Flashcards

L41 Eyelid & Conjunctiva Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is the Ocular Adnexa?

A

Ocular Adnexa is a collective term for the ocular appendages: -eyelids -Conjunctiva -Lacrimal system

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2
Q

What role does the ocular adnexa have?

A

Portective/supportive role

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3
Q

If the position of the eyeball in the socket wasn’t as anterior what would the repercussion be?

A

If the eyeball was to the posterior of the orbit (very sunken in) our field of view would be very limited.

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4
Q

What are gross structures?

A

Structures that can be seen without the use of microscopes.

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5
Q

What is the Superior Palpebral sulcus?

A

The top eyelid fold (Upper eyelid crease)

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6
Q

What is the Inferior Palpebral suclus?

A

Lower eyelid fold ( Lower eyelid crease - your undereye area)

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7
Q

What is the nasojugular fold?

A

The bags under your eyes are created by a fold in the skin- the outline of that bag to the nasal side is the nasojugular fold.

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8
Q

What is the malar sulcus?

A

The bags under your eyes are created by a fold in the skin- the outline of that bag to the temporal side is the Malar sulcus.

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9
Q

What happens to the folds around your eyes as you age?

A

They become more pronounced

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10
Q

Define palpebral

A

Relating to the eyelids

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11
Q
A

Just review these!

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12
Q

What is the plural of canthus?

A

Canthi

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13
Q

What may the inner canthus also be referred to as?

A

Medial canthus

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14
Q

What may the outer canthus also be referred to as?

A

Lateral Canthus

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15
Q

What type of tissue is the caruncle?

A

(Mount of) Mucosal tissue

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16
Q

What is the Plica semilunaris and what is it thought to be?

A

A fold of conjunctiva - it is thought to be the remnant of a third eyelid- many animals had a third eyelid.

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17
Q

What are some important functions of the eyelids?

A
  • Acting as occluders shielding the eyes from excessive light
  • blink reflex affords protection against injury
  • blinking spreads layer of tears across ocular surface
  • blinking forms a tear film of uniform thickness during the upturn phase of each blink
  • blinking is important for tear drainage
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18
Q

Which eyelid is larger and more mobile?

A

Upper eyelid

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19
Q

Where are meibomian gland openings located?

A

On eyelids. Located just anterior to the muco-cutaneous junction(junction between eyelid skin and conjunctiva).

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20
Q

What is the Mucocutaneous junction?

A

Junction between eyelid skin and conjunctiva

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21
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Openings/Orifices of meibomian glands (30-40)

22
Q

What structure initiates the blink reflex?

A

Eyelashes ( 2-3 rows per lid) are equipped with sensory receptors that initiate blink reflex.

23
Q

What is the lid wiper region responsible for?

A

It is responsible for spreading tears during blinking. It is located at the eyelid margin and extends 0.6mm from mucocutaneous junction to subtarsal fold.

24
Q

What stains can highlight damaged cells on lid wiper region?

A

Stains with dyes such as fluorescein or lissamine green.

25
Q

What is lid wiper epitheliopathy?

A

Epithelial disturbance caused by increased friction between this region and ocular or contact lens surface.

26
Q

What are the muscles of the eyelid? What are their composition and what are their purposes?

A

Orbicularis Oculi- Skeletal muscle closes the eyelid

Levator Palpebrae Superioris - skeletal muscle-antagonist for sphincter muscle- keeps eyelid open

Inferior & superior tarsal muscles (of Muller) - smooth muscle

27
Q

What are the different divisions of the Orbicularis Oculi? (D is a different muscle name that too)

A

28
Q

What is the Levator Palpebrae Superioris responsible for?

A

Elevating upper eye lid in blinking and maintaining an open palpebral aperture.

29
Q

Which nerve is the Levator Palpebrae Superioris supplied by?

A

III rd nerve

30
Q

Where does the Levator Palpebrae Superioris arise?

A

Starts at the back of the orbit - arises from lesser wing of sphenoid and terminates toward front of the orbit (anteriorly) as a broad aponeurosis.

31
Q

What are the tarsal plates made out of?

A

They are made up of dense fibrous connective tissue which form a rigid structure.

32
Q

Define aponeurosis

A

A tendonous ( as in tendon based) sheet (which has a wide area of attachment).

33
Q

What is the orbital septum?

A

Connective tissue sheet which retains orbital contents (stops them spilling out). It extends from the tarsal plate to orbital rim.

34
Q

What does laxity in old age of orbital septum cause?

A

Causes herniation of orbital fat.

35
Q

Define anisocoria

A

A condition in which a person has differing pupil sizes of each eye.

36
Q

How can we identify Horners Syndrome?

A

Anisocoria - different sized pupils

Drooping upper eyelid

(Not seen in the picture but there shall be an absence of sweating on that side of the face)

37
Q

What six distinct layers can be resolved from the eyelid via a microscope?

A

Skin

Subcutaneous Connective Tissue

Muscle Layer

Submuscular Connective Tissue

Tarsal Plate

Palpebral Conjunctiva

(The lids contain a variety of glands that can also be seen)

38
Q

What are the two distinct functions of the tarsal plate?

A

Providing support to the lids (structure & shape).

Encloses and to some extent protects the meibomian glands.

39
Q

What are the three glands of the eyelids?

A
  • Meibomian Glands (also known as tarsal glands)
  • Glands of Moll (also referred to as ciliary sweat glands)(associated with eyelashes)
  • Glands of Zeis (also referred to as ciliary sebaceous glands) (associated with eyelashes)
40
Q

Describe the arrangement of meibomian glands in the upper eyelid vs lower eyelid.

A

They are longer and more numerous in the upper eyelid.

41
Q

Describe the structure of Meibomian Glands

A

Each gland consists of multiple secretory acini (the circles) which open onto a central duct that discharges its contents onto the lid margin

42
Q

Where are the glands of Moll and glands of Zeis located?

A

Loctaed in the ciliary zone of the lid.

They are sebaceous glands which open onto lash follicles

(both are modified sweat glands).

43
Q

Why are eyelashes made to be naturally oily?

A

So things like dust and debris stick to them.

The oil is produced by the glands at the base of the eyelash.

This oiliness also stops the eyelash drying out so it doesn’t become brittle.

44
Q

What is the conjunctiva and what does it do?

A

The conjunctiva is a transparent mucus membrane which contributes to the immune defence of the ocular surface.

Produces mucus component of the tear film (through its goblet cells).

45
Q

Where does the conjunctiva start and end?

A

Extends from muco-cutaneous junction at the lid margin, forms a lining to the lids and covers the sclera up to the limbus.

46
Q

What 5 regions can the conjunctiva be anatomically divided into?

A

Marginal

Tarsal

Orbital

Bulbar

Limbal

(They are highlighted by the red line)

47
Q

What does fornex refer to in context to the conjunctiva?

A

It is the region at which the conjunctiva folds back on itself. (Named as F on the diagram)

48
Q

Where does the density of goblet cells in the conjunctiva lie?

A

Highest density in medial canthus

49
Q

What does the conjunctival stroma consist of?

A

Adenoid layer (superficial layer where most lympathetic lay)

Deep fibrous layer

50
Q

What are Conjunctival Lymphoid Follicles and what do they contain?

A

Accumulations of lymphocytes in the conjunctiva in the stroma.

They contain predominantly B-cells which form part of the so-called conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue.

51
Q

In pathological situations what happens to conjunctival Lymphoid follicles?

A

They increase in size and number in certain anterior eye infections.

52
Q
A

0v015 biology & pathology (57 decks)

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