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0V015 Biology & Pathology > Endocrinology L16 > Flashcards

Endocrinology L16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

A

Reproduction
Growth and development
Maintenance of electrolyte, water and nutrient balance of the blood
Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
Mobilisation of body defences

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2
Q

What are some examples of EXOCRINE glands

A

Meibomian
Lacrimal
Sweat

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3
Q

What does the Meibomian gland secrete?

A

The oily layer of the tear film

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4
Q

What does the Lacrimal gland secrete?

A

The aqueous layer of the tear film

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5
Q

What is the official definition of a hormone?

A

“a chemical substance which is secreted by specialised endocrine cells directly into the blood to exert an effect on distant target cells.

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6
Q

What are hormones that have an effect on cells nearby to the gland it was secreted from?

A

Paracrine

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7
Q

What is autocrine signalling?

A

When a cell secretes a hormone that binds to that same cell’s receptors and has an effect on that very same cell.

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8
Q

What are hormones made of?

A

Amino acids or steroids

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9
Q

What are the two types of amino acid based hormones?

A

Polypeptide based and modified amino acid based

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10
Q

Are amino acid based hormones water soluble?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Can polypeptide based hormones pass through the plasma membrane via diffusion?

A

No

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12
Q

What are some common examples of polypeptide based hormones?

A 
TRH 
TSH
GnRH
FSH
LH
Insulin 
Glucagon
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13
Q

What is an example of a modified amino acid based hormone and how is it modified?

A

Thyroxine - it is modified as it has additional iodine

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14
Q

How are steroid based hormones produced?

A

They are synthesised from cholesterol.

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15
Q

Can steroid based hormones pass through membranes?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What are some example of steroid based hormones?

A

Cortisol, oestrogen, testosterone (i.e. gonadal and adrenocorticol)

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17
Q

What are the three types of endocrine stimulation?

A

Humoural stimuli
Hormonal stimuli
Neural Stimuli

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18
Q

How do humoural stimuli work in endocrinology?

A

Hormones are released in response to changes in environment e.g. altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients.

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19
Q

How do neural stimuli work in endocrinology?

A

Hormones are released as a result of neural input from the brain or CNS.

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20
Q

Ho do hormonal stimuli work?

A

Hormones can be released in response to other hormones

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21
Q

How may hormone release be regulated?

A

Through negative feedback

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22
Q

What are the eight endocrine glands?

A 
Pineal gland 
Pituitary gland 
Thyroid Gland 
Thymus gland 
Adrenal gland 
Pancreas 
Ovaries 
Testis
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23
Q

What does the pineal gland control?

A

‘sleep wake cycle’

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24
Q

What does the pituitary gland control?

A

Growth, lactation and thyroid

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25
Q

What does the thyroid gland control?

A

Metabolism

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26
Q

What does the thymus gland control?

A

T cell maturation

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27
Q

What does the adrenal gland control?

A

Stress Response

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28
Q

What does the pancreas control?

A

Glucose metabolism

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29
Q

What do the ovaries control?

A

Ovulation

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30
Q

What do the testis control?

A

Spermatogenesis

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31
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The production of new sperm

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32
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

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33
Q

When does melatonin production peak?

A

At night

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34
Q

What does melatonin cause?

A

( It prepares the body for sleep)

it causes :
Drowsiness and lowers body temperature

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35
Q

How does the pineal gland know when it is night time and consequently when to secrete melatonin?

A

IPRG sesnors on the retina detect light or dark and send signals via the optic nerve which is relayed by the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the pineal gland.

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36
Q

What does IPRG stand for?

A

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

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37
Q

Where does the hypothalamus receive input from?

A

Higher brain centres e.g. limbic system which affects mood and emotion

From Visceral and somatic sense via brain stem

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38
Q

is the hypothalamus part of the CNS?

A

Yes

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39
Q

What does two glands does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

The pineal and pituitary gland via the neuroendocrine system

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40
Q

Where does the pituitary gland rest?

A

in the brain next to the optic nerves in a cup.

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41
Q

What are the 2 sections of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior and posterior sections

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42
Q

What does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland do?

A

Secrete hormones

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43
Q

What are some examples of secreting cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A 
Somatotrophs 
Lactotrophs 
Corticotrophs 
Thyrotrophs 
Gonadotrophs
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44
Q

What do somatotrophs secrete?

A

Growth hormone

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45
Q

What do Lactotrophs secrete?

A

Prolactin

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46
Q

What do Corticotrophs secrete?

A

ACTH

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47
Q

What do thyrotrophs secrete?

A

TSH

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48
Q

What do gonadotrophs secrete?

A

FSH & LH

49
Q

What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland do?

A

Stores and releases hormones produced by neurones.

50
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin (ADH)

51
Q

What does the ending RH on neuroendocrines stand for?

A

Releasing hormone

52
Q

What does the I in neuroendocrines stand for ?

A

Inhibitory

53
Q

What effect does TRH from the hypothalamus have on the pituitary gland?

A

The pituitary gland releases TSH

54
Q

What effect does PIF (dopamine) from the hypothalamus have on the pituitary gland?

A

The pituitary gland inhibits release of PRL (prolactin)

55
Q

What effect does CRH from the hypothalamus have on the pituitary gland?

A

The pituitary gland releases ATCH

56
Q

What effect does GHRH from the hypothalamus have on the pituitary gland?

A

The pituitary gland releases GH ( growth hormone)

57
Q

What effect does GIH (somatostatin) from the hypothalamus have on the pituitary gland?

A

The pituitary gland inhibits release of GH ( growth hormone)

58
Q

What effect does GnRH from the hypothalamus have on the pituitary gland?

A

The pituitary gland releases FSH & LH

59
Q

How can the hypothalmic nuclei cause hormone secretion of the anterior pituitary?

A

Neuroendocrine signals such as TRH,GnRH,PIF are released.
These travel down the portal vein.
They act on specific cell in the anterior pituitary to release hormones.
These hormones are secretedd into the hypopheseal vein and into the blood stream.

60
Q

How can gigantism occur?

A

Overproduction of growth hormone at puberty.

61
Q

What does the thyroid gland secrete?

A 
Thyroxine (T4)
Tri iodothyronine (T3)
62
Q

What is secretion of hormones in the thyroid gland stimulated by?

A

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

63
Q

How does negative feedback occur,using the thyroid gland as an example?

A

The production of TSH is regulated by the production of T4 & T3.
An excess of T4 & T3 stimulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to reduce TSH secretion. This reduces T4 & T3 production.

An excess of T4/T3 can also inhibit production of TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) by hypothalamus stopping the release of TSH by the pituitary gland.

An absence of T3 & T4 stimulates TSH production and so the cycle repeats.

64
Q

What is the effect of GnRH in females?

A

It stimulates the release of FSH and LH regulating the menstrual cycle.

65
Q

What is the effect of LH in females ?

A

It induces ovulation

66
Q

What is the effect of FSH in females?

A

causes development of ovarian follicle and stimulates secretion of oestrodiol and progesterone

67
Q

What is the effect of GnRH in males?

A

Causes the release of FSH and LH.

68
Q

What is the effect of LH in males?

A

Acts on the testes to produce testosterone

69
Q

What is the effect of FSH in males?

A

It acts on the testes to maintain spermatogenesis

70
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone on the body?

A

It stimulates insulin growth factor
causes bone elongation at chondrocytes
Increases fat oxidation ( makes you lose weight)
Increases skeletal muscle growth

71
Q

What does ATCH act on?

A

Adrenal cortex

72
Q

What foes ATCH result in?

A

The production of Cortisol

73
Q

What does ATCH stand for?

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

74
Q

What does ATCH cause:

A

Stress response i.e. high blood pressure, an increase in blood glucose levels

75
Q

What does prolactin cause?

A

Increased size of mamary glands and production of milk during pregnancy.

76
Q

What is oxytocin invloved in?

A

Orgasms
Socialisation
Giving birth

77
Q

What does Vasopressin cause?

A

Increases water retention by kidneys.

78
Q

What is vasopressin regulated by?

A

Baroreceptors in the atria.

Osmoreceptors also increase ADH release to conserve water.

79
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

In the neck

80
Q

Why is the thyroid gland important?

A

It is important for calcium homeostasis
it also regulates protein synthesis
and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.

81
Q

What are parathyroid glands?

A

Small glands found on the thyroid that release parathyroid hormone

82
Q

What part of the thyroid produces T3 and T4?

A

Thyroid Follicular cells

83
Q

What do calcitonin cells in follicles in the thyroid gland do?

A

They produce calcitonin which decreases calcium uptake.

84
Q

Is T4 a precursor to T3 or is T3 a precursor to T4?

A

T4 is a precursor to T3.

85
Q

What does T3 affect?

A 
Growth 
Meatbolism increases
Body tempreture increases
Body temperature regulation 
Mood
86
Q

What does PTH (parathyroid hormone) do?

A

retain calcium
increase renal tube absorption of calcium
augments gastroinetstinal absorption of calcium

87
Q

Define augment

A

to increase

88
Q

Where do the adrenal glands sit?

A

On top of the kidneys

89
Q

What are the three regions of the adrenal gland?

A

capsule (outer layer)
cortex (second outermost layer) - ATCH acts here
Medulla ( core)

90
Q

What types hormones does the cortex of the adrenal gland release?

A

Corticosteroids

Androgens

91
Q

What are the two types of corticosteroids?

A

Mineralcorticoids

Glucocorticoids

92
Q

What is an example of a mineralcorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

93
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Increases Na+ retention by kidney and thus water.

Maintains BP and blood volume ( electrolyte balance)

94
Q

What is an example of a glucocorticoid?

A

Cortisol

95
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Increases metabolism of fats and glucose, increases blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis, supresses immune system.

96
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Production of new glucose from proteins and lipids

97
Q

What are androgens?

A

A hormone that regulates development and maintainance of male or female characteristics.

98
Q

Does the adrenal cortex produce hormones derived from cholesterol?

A

Yes

99
Q

What is ACTH secretion regulated by?

A

CRH secretion from the hypothalamus

100
Q

What does the medulla secrete?

A

Hormones that help cope with emotional or physical stress

101
Q

Can you live without the medulla?

A

Yes

102
Q

What are the two hormones released by the medulla?

A

Adrenaline (epinephrine)

Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

103
Q

What is sepcial about the pancreas in terms of it being a gland?

A

It is both an exocrine gland and endocrine gland

104
Q

How can the pancreas act as an exocrine gland?

A

It releases pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum to aid digestion

105
Q

How does the pancreas act as an endocrine gland?

A

It secretes insulin and glucagon into the blood to regulate blood glucose concentration

106
Q

What are the endocrine cells of the pancreas called?

A

Islets of langerhaan

107
Q

What are the five types of cells that make up islets of langerhaan?

A 
Alpha cells 
Beta Cells 
Delta cells 
F cells 
Epsilon cells
108
Q

What do alpha cells in the islets of langerhaan secrete?

A

Glucagon

109
Q

What do beta cells in the islets of langerhaan secrete?

A

Insulin

110
Q

What do delta cells in the islets of langerhaan secrete?

A

Somatostatin & Gastrin

111
Q

What do F cells in the islets of langerhaan secrete?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

112
Q

What do epsilon cells in the islets of langerhaan secrete?

A

Gherlin

113
Q

What does glucagon cause to happen?

A

Blood sugar levels increase as liver breaks down glycogen into glucose

114
Q

What does insulin cause to happen?

A

Blood sugar levels to decrease as they increase glucose uptake of cells

115
Q

What are the main metabolic effects of insulin?

A

It facilitates the uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells
stimulates liver to store glucose as glycogen
stimulates liver to convert excess glycogen into fatty acids

116
Q

What happens when insulin secretion goes wrong?

A

Diabetes

117
Q

What can type 1 diabetes lead to?

A

It is an autoimmune disease that kills off pancreatic b cells thus leads to less insulin secretion and production.
This leads to a loss of control of blood glucose levels .

118
Q

How can type one diabetes lead to a high concentration of glucagon in the blood?

A

Insulin normally supresses glucagon production and so a lack of insulin results in glucagon being secreted in excess increasing blood glucose further.

0V015 Biology & Pathology (57 decks)

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