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0V015 Biology & Pathology > Digestion And Nutrition L22 > Flashcards

Digestion And Nutrition L22 Flashcards

1
Q

What is digestion

A

The breaking down of ingested food into ‘useable’ nutrient molecules that can enter the vascular or lymphatic systems

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2
Q

What does the digestive system consist of

A

The gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs (e.g. teeth, tongue, liver, pancreas)

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3
Q

What is the gastrointestinal tract

A

Tube that runs from the mouth to anus that breaks down food and absorbs it

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4
Q

What is the digestive process

A 
Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical breakdown
Digestion
Absorption 
Defecation
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5
Q

What does saliva do

A

Moistens and lubricates food. Amylase digests polysaccharides

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6
Q

What does pharynx do

A

Swallow food

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7
Q

What do oesophagus do

A

Transports food

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8
Q

What does the stomach do

A

Stores and churns food. Pepsin digests protein. HCl activates enzymes, breaks up food and kills germs. Mucus protects stomach wall

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9
Q

What does liver do

A

Breaks down and builds up many biological molecules. Stores vitamins and iron. Destroys old blood cells and poison. Bile aids in digestion.

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10
Q

Where is bile stored and concentrated

A

Gallbladder

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11
Q

What does pancreas do

A

Produces hormones which regulate blood glucose levels. Bicarbonates neutralise stomach acid. Trypsin and chymotrypsin digest proteins. Amylase digests polysaccharides. Lipase digests lipids.

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12
Q

What does small intestine do

A

Absorbs nutrients, mostly water. Peptidase digests proteins. Sucrases digests sugars. Amylase digests polysaccharides

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13
Q

What does large intestine do

A

Reabsorbs some water and ions. Forms and stores faeces

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14
Q

What type of sugars are carbohydrates and give examples of each

A

Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose), disaccharides (e.g. lactose or polysaccharides (e.g. glycogen, starch)

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15
Q

What type of sugars can be absorbed in the body

A

Monosaccharides

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16
Q

Amylase breaks down starch into

A

oligosaccharides and disaccharides

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17
Q

How are oligosaccharides and disaccharides broken down further

A

These short chain sugar molecules are then converted to monosaccharides by the brush border enzymes in the small intestine’s epithelial cells, where they are absorbed

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18
Q

How are monosaccharides absorbed into the cells

A

By facilitated diffusion or by secondary active transport with Na+

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19
Q

What do proteins need to be broken down into to be absorbed

A

Dipeptides or single amino acids

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20
Q

How is pepsin activated

A

When pepsinogen and HCl react, pepsin is activated

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21
Q

Examples of enzymes that break down proteins from the pancreas and brush border enzymes

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase are produced from the pancreas and aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase and dipeptidase from the small intestine

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22
Q

What do triglycerides need to be broken down into

A

Monoglycerides and fatty acids

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23
Q

What happens to fats in the liver

A

It is emulsified by bile salts

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24
Q

Why is there limited digestion of fats in the mouth and stomach

A

As fat is not soluble in water and will form big globules in water that couldn’t be digested by enzymes

25
Q

What does the lymphatic system contain

A

Immune cells, excess fluid tissue from cells and fats

26
Q

From the villi in our small intestine where do proteins, carbohydrates and fats go

A

Proteins and carbohydrates go into our blood supply and our fats go from the chylomicron in the villi into the lymphatic system

27
Q

How do fats get back into the blood stream from the chylomicron

A

They travel through the lymphatic system through lymph vessels and goes through the thoracic duct and feeds back into the blood supply near the heart

28
Q

What are the macronutrients

A

Carbohydrates, proteins and fats (lipids)

29
Q

What are micronutrients

A

Vitamins and minerals

30
Q

About how many essential nutrients are there and what are essential nutrients

A

40 and these are nutrients that are needed from our diet as our bodies cannot synthesise them fast enough

31
Q

Where are carbohydrates mainly from

A

Plant products

32
Q

Why are complex sugars are better than simple sugars

A

Takes longer to break down and less energy is required than having to store and then break the sugar when needed

33
Q

What are some of the uses of carbohydrates in the body

A

1) Neurons and red blood cells reliant upon glucose to harness energy in ATP to used as an energy for cell function.
2) Pentose sugars are used to build nucleic acids.
3) Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are used in a cells glycocalyx or secreted into ground substance.
4) Excess glucose can be converted into glycogen or fatty acids and stored for later use

34
Q

How much total calorie intake for carbohydrates is recommended

A

45-65%

35
Q

Examples of food from which you can have a saturated fat intake

A

animal products, coconuts, hydrogenated oils (trans fats) such as margarine

36
Q

Examples of food from which you can have a unsaturated fat intake

A

seeds, nuts, vegetable oils

37
Q

Examples of food from which you can have a cholesterol intake

A

egg yolks, meats, shellfish, milk products

38
Q

What are two essential fatty acids that must be gained through diet

A

1) Linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid)

2) Linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid)

39
Q

Uses of lipids

A

1) Protective cushion against mechanical shock
2) thermal insulation
3) concentrated energy store
4) phospholipids are in plasma membrane of every cell and myelin sheaths
5) cholesterol stabilises plasma membrane and precursor of bile salts and hormones
6) fats help fat soluble vitamins to be absorbed

40
Q

What is recommended calorie intake of fats

A

20-35%

41
Q

What are nutritionally incomplete proteins

A

Proteins rich sources but are low in one or more of the essential amino acids for example nuts and cereals

42
Q

Uses of proteins

A

1) Important structural materials of the body such as Keratin (skin), Collagen and elastin (connective tissue), Muscle proteins
2) Functional protein – enzymes, hormones, integral proteins
3) If there is insufficient dietary intake of calories, proteins can be used for ATP production.
4) Growth hormone preserves protein mass in adults, glucocorticoids enhance protein breakdown and conversion to glucose

43
Q

Can amino acids be stored

A

Essential amino acids cannot be stored. As such there is an all-or-none rule; if all amino acids are not present when needed, a protein cannot be made. The amino acids are then oxidised for energy or to carbohydrates or fats for energy storage.

44
Q

How much protein is required by the body

A

0.8g per kg of body weight

45
Q

What are the 7 minerals needed

A

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium.

46
Q

Which minerals are needed in trace amounts

A

Iron, zinc, copper and fluorine

47
Q

Uses of minerals

A

Minerals can work with other nutrients to improve function

48
Q

Where are most minerals found

A

Ionised in body fluids or bound to phospholipids, hormones or proteins

49
Q

What mineral is found in thyroxine

A

Iodine

50
Q

What are vitamins

A

Organic compounds needed in minute amounts for healthy growth and repair.

51
Q

What do vitamins allow us to do

A

They allow our bodies to use lipids, proteins and carbohydrates from our diet and work as coenzymes

52
Q

What two examples of vitamins are water soluble

A

Vitamin B and vitamin C

53
Q

What happens to excess water soluble vitamins

A

Excess is excreted in urine about an hr after ingestion

54
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble and what is special about them

A

Vitamin A, D, E and K, they have to be absorbed with lipids

55
Q

Except vitamin K, fat soluble vitamins are stored in the body, however what happens when over consumed

A

They can be toxic

56
Q

How do vitamins act as antioxidants

A

Metabolism uses oxygen and free radicals can be formed as a consequence

These molecules have an unpaired electron and are very reactive. This can cause tissue damage.

Vitamins A, C and E, along with mineral selenium can act as antioxidants, reacting with the free radicals and neutralising them.

57
Q

What do carotenoids pigments do

A

They act as antioxidants as the macula has a high metabolic load and free radical production can be a problem

58
Q

What are the some of the examples of carotenoid pigments

A

Lutein and Zeaxanthin

0V015 Biology & Pathology (57 decks)

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