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0v015 biology & pathology > Cellular Response To Stress L02 > Flashcards

Cellular Response To Stress L02 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is pathology?

A

“The structural, biochemical and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs that underlie disease.”

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2
Q

What is Aetiology?

A

The cause of the disease

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3
Q

What are the two types of aetiology?

A

Genetic or acquired (caused by environment).

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4
Q

What is the difference between a genetic disease and syndrome/disorder?

A

Genetic diseases are those that are entirely inherited e.g. cystic fibrosis, however, a genetic disorder/syndrome is where your genes make you more susceptible to something however this is triggered by environmental factors.

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5
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

“The sequence of events in cells and tissues in response to the causative agent from the initial event to the final manifestation of the disease.”

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6
Q

What are the two ways cells can respond to any change in environment such as stress?

A

Adapt or not, in which case endure cell injury.

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7
Q

Which cells may struggle to adapt to changes in environment such as external stressors?

A

Neurones

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8
Q

Why may cells struggle to adapt to changes in the environment such as external stressors?

A

The stress may be too great in which case it leads to cell injury or the cell is too specific to adapt e.g. neurones.

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9
Q

If cell injury is mild or not too severe what can cells do?

A

Recover

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10
Q

If cell damage is severe what is the result upon a cell?

A

Irreversible injury and ultimately cell death

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11
Q

What are the two type of cell death?

A

Apoptosis and necrosis

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12
Q

Are adaptations of cells often reversible or irreversible?

A

Often reversible

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13
Q

What are the four types of cell adaptations?

A

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia

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14
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Where cells change shape- increase in size of cells however number of cells stays the same.

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15
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Where tissue changes cell number- increased cell number.

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16
Q

What is Atrophy?

A

Where cells or tissues shrink due to reduction in cell size and/or number ( however a reduction in cell number isn’t an adaptation but more just a response to a stress)

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17
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Where one cell turns into another cell type

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18
Q

What is a key example of hypertrophy?

A

Skeletal muscle- this has a limited capacity to divide and replicate instead as a response to stress and heavier workload it increases in size - you can see this physically as muscles getting bigger and more defined.

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19
Q

What is an example of physiological hypertrophy?

A

Uterus during pregnancy

20
Q

What is an example of pathological hypertrophy?

A

In the heart myocardium muscles getting bigger and so size of ventricles decreases causing strain on heart muscle.

21
Q

What are some examples of pathological hyperplasia?

A

Tumours

22
Q

What are some examples of physiological hyperplasia?

A

Wound Healing

23
Q

What are some example of developmental (beneficial) atrophy?

A

In the eye it is the regression of blood cells in the vitreous cavity. Initially the eye is full of blood vessels while developing however we want to form the transparent cavity for light to pass through and so atrophy occurs.

24
Q

What is an example of non-ocular atrophy?

A

The progression of the thymus gland from a child to an adult

25
Q

What are some examples of pathological atrophy?

A

Dementia - caused by neurone loss

26
Q

What can pathological atrophy be caused by?

A

Decreased workload- e.g. muscles - if you don’t use your muscles they shrink but number of cells stays the same.

Denervation- if muscles have no nervous input they undergo muscle cell shrinkage.

Decreased blood supply - causes cells to die off as they cant get enough oxygen

Inadequate nutrition- cells aren’t getting enough nutrients.

Loss of endocrine stimulation -e.g. menopause is a loss of a chemical signal thus causing changes in the body

Pressure - e.g. if a benign tumour presses on a tissue it starts compressing tissue causing it to start dying off.

27
Q

What is an example of metaplasia?

A

In the trachea of smokers, cilia has to withstand the tar and other chemicals and so it switches from normal columnar ciliated cells to stratified squamous cells that can better withstand the irritation.

28
Q

What are causes of cell injury?

A

Hypoxia- not enough available oxygen

Physical agents- e.g. burn, trauma, electric

Chemical agents - e.g. poison, acid , drugs

Infectious agents- e.g. pathogens

Immunologic reactions- when your own immune system mistargets and kills your own cells

Genetic abnormalities- e.g. abnormal cellular metabolism (decreased)

Nutritional imbalances- e.g. anorexia , high cholesterol

29
Q

What happens to cells following injury in necrosis ?

A

Cell swells up.
Organelles swell up
Membrane starts to blep ( form out pockets)
Ribosomes from RER detach ( stopping them functioning)
Chromatin clumps together (not forming chromosomes)

30
Q

What does the process following cell injury in necrosis lead to?

A

Decreased generation of ATP
Loss of membrane integrity (plasma membrane breaking up)
Decreased protein synthesis ( because of chromatin having clumped up and the ribosomes having detached from the RER)
Cytoskeleton and DNA Damage

31
Q

Up until what point of cell injury is there still a chance the cell can recover?

A

Up until the point at which your membrane is still intact i.e. you haven’t opened up your intracellular environment as extracellular there is still a chance the cell can recover.

32
Q

What occurs to the cell membrane in necrosis?

A

The integrity of the cell membrane is lost i.e. the cell membrane ruptures and releases everything from the inside out.

33
Q

What happens after a cell membrane ruptures?

A

An inflammatory response may be triggered as the body recognises the proteins that normally exist within a cell to be foreign.
Then enzymes from the dying cell itself and other cells digest the cellular content.

34
Q

What are myelin figures?

A

Circular arrangement of the lipid bilayer as it contains hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts that enclose into each other.

35
Q

In necrosis what blood cell digests the cellular content after the cell has ruptured?

A

White blood cells

36
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

37
Q

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

A

In apoptosis the cell membrane integrity is maintained i.e. the cell membrane is still in tact.

38
Q

Does apoptosis cause an inflammatory reaction?

A

No as cell wall is intact so inner contents are not released

39
Q

When is physiological apoptosis most prevalent?

A

During embryological development e.g. in retinal development

40
Q

What are some non-ocular examples of apoptosis?

A

Menstrual cycle - shedding of uterus lining.

Neutrophils (phagocytes die off once they have served their purpose in an inflammatory response).

41
Q

What are some examples of pathological apoptosis?

A

Radiation exposure causes DNA damage which causes the cell not to pass through a checkpoint What and thus undergo apoptosis.

42
Q

What is the advantage of apoptosis as a pose to necrosis?

A

You do not get a host reaction, limiting the damage.

43
Q

What is a host reaction?

A

The reaction of a living system to the presence of a material.

44
Q

What are the two pathways of apoptosis i.e. two ways it can be triggered?

A

Mitochondrial intrinsic pathway

Death receptor extrinsic pathway

45
Q

What is the process of apoptosis following cell injury?

A 
Cells shrink 
Organelles become more tightly packed
Nuclear Chromatin condenses
Membrane bleps form 
The cell breaks up into apoptic bodies which are phagocytosed.

0v015 biology & pathology (57 decks)

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