Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

0V015 Biology & Pathology > Lecture 35 > Flashcards

Lecture 35 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

An involuntary component of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where are Baro receptors present ?

A

Large arteries such as the carotid artery or the aorta.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do baro receptors respond to ?

A

Respond to changes in blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is hypertension ?

A

When blood pressure is high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is hypotension?

A

When blood pressure is low.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves connect the face,head and neck to the brain?

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves connect the rest of the body to the spinal cord?

A

31 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which bones in the spinal cord enclosed by?

A

Bones of the vertebral column.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How long is the spinal cord?

A

0.5-0.75 metres. Its from the base of the brain to the 1st lumbar vertebrae ( the bone above ur bum).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is the spinal cord bilaterally symmetrical?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is the spinal cord connected to body tissues?

A

By spinal nerves passing through vertebral bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the spinal cord involved in?

A

The CNS.

Also involved in sensory and motor functions of the neck below the neck.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many adjoining segments does the spinal cord consist of?

A

29

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does MRI stand for?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

true or false- cartilage disks called intercalated disks hold vertebral bones apart?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens when intercalated disks holding the vertebral bones apart collapse?

A

Spinal nerves passing through the disks get crushed and as a consequence, you feel pain and lose function in the nerve that gets trapped.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many spinal segements are:

cervical ( concerned with region of the neck & upper limbs)

Thoracic (concerned with trunk region)

Lumbar ( concerned with front pelvis and lower limb region)

Sacral ( concerned with region of the back pelvis and lower limb)

A

8 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

4 sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is each segment connected to its specific body part?

A

By a pair of right and left spinal nerves.

These spinal nerves then split again inside the vertebral column to form a dorsal and a ventral nerve root.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the dorsal root do?

A

It gives the spinal cord sensory input from receptors via axons of dorsal root ganglion cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the ventral root do?

A

It gives OUT sensory output. for both voluntary and involuntary/autonomic motor outputs, mainly skeletal and smooth muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is found in grey matter of a spinal cord?

A

Spinal cord neurone cell bodies and their dendrites.

22
Q

What is found in the white matter of a spinal cord?

A

Axon pathways also called tracts. (which provide input or output)

23
Q

What do the words dorsal and ventral mean?

A

dorsal means back/posterior

ventral means front/anterior

24
Q

What does the word ganglion mean?

A

Knot. (relates to ganglion cell which is a knot of cell bodies encapsulated by a bag of connective tissue outside the spinal cord).

25
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

because of myelin sheaths around the axon pathway.

26
Q

What myelinates axons in the spinal cord?

A

Oligodendrocyte

(Schwann cells myelinate in the PNS)

27
Q

What are some examples of dorsal horn inputs?

A

Touch, thermal, pain& kinesthetic sensory inputs.

28
Q

What does the ventral horn do?

A

Send voluntary motor output to skeletal muscles.

29
Q

What does the lateral horn do?

A

send autonomic output to smooth muscles and glands.

30
Q

What is the structure of the grey matter?

A

It is ‘H’ shaped and consists of three horns.

31
Q

What is white matter involved in?

A

Somatic sensory information up to the brain OR motor instructions from the brain to the ventral 0or lateral horn motor neurones.

32
Q

How many layers of grey matter are there and what do they do?

A

There are nine layers.

layers 1 to 6 are concerned with somatic sensation (dorsal).

layers 8&9 are in the ventral horn and contain motor neurones that innervate skeletal muscle.

Layer 7 is in the lateral horn and contains motor neurone cell bodies for the autonomic system.

33
Q

True or false- we can form detailed sensory and motor maps from segment topograpy?

A

True

34
Q

In segemental topography (which means to corolate each segment with it’s particularregion of sensory inbput or output) what are dermatomes?

A

Adjoining segments that map adjoining sensory strips.

35
Q

In segemental topography (which means to corolate each segment with it’s particularregion of sensory inbput or output) what are myotomes?

A

Motor strips

36
Q

What are the cervicle and lumbar enlargement representative of?

A

The enlarged drawing of them in diagrams represent the extra innervation (sesnory ad motor) of the upper and lower limbs respectively. (This is because there are alot of receptors in the hands and foot).

37
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

38
Q

What is the anatomical name of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Thoraco-lumbar division

39
Q

What is the anatomical name of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Cranio-sacral division

40
Q

Where does the sympathetic nervous system originate from?

A

The lateral horn motor neurones in the thoraco and lumbar regions.

From T1-T12 and L1 and L2

41
Q

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system originate from?

A

Mainly from the brain (cranium) and from some lateral horn motor neurones at sacral levels S2-S4

42
Q

What are some examples of somatic sensory pathways?

A

From sensory receptors and axons of the dorsal root ganglion cells to the spinal cord and then via different ascending axon pathways running in parallel up to the brain.

From sensory receptors to the dorsal or ventral-lateral funiculi.

43
Q

How do voluntary motor pathways work?

A

From upper motor neurones in the brain via different descending axon pathways running in parallel in the lateral or ventral funiculi to the lower ventral horn motor neurones which send axons via the ventral root of the spinal nerves directly to skeletal muscles.

44
Q

What are the two major classes of motor neurone?

A

Alpha and gamma

45
Q

What are alpha motor neurones?

A

Large motor neurones.

46
Q

What are gamma motor neurones?

A

Small motor neurones.

47
Q

What do alpha motor neurones do?

A

innervate main (extra fusal) (skeletal) muscle fibres

48
Q

What do gamma motor neurones do?

A

Innervate (intrafusal) muscle spindles

49
Q

True or false- Motor neurones are grouped together in pools where one pool supplies one muscle.

A

True

50
Q

What do medial pools do?

A

innervate medial muscles i.e muscles in the middle of ur body.

(medial pools exist in the spinal cord towards the middle line of symmetry)

51
Q

What do lateral motor neurones/lateral pools innervate?

A

Muscles at the edge of your body.

(lateral motor neurones/pools excist towards the edges of a spinal cord segment)

52
Q
A

0V015 Biology & Pathology (57 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions