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0V015 Biology & Pathology > Cardiovascular Biology L19 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Biology L19 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is cardiovascular biology important to optometrist?

A

The eye is the only place you can see blood vessels directly.
cardiovascular defects have ocular implications

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2
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Behind the sternum. in the centre but more of the heart is on the left side of the body.

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3
Q

What three layers is the heart made of?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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4
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Smooth endothelium - simple squamous epithelium.

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5
Q

What does the endocardium act as?

A

A non-stick coating ensuring blood doesn’t clot.

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6
Q

What is the majority of the heart wall made of?

A

Muscle

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7
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Muscle component of the heart

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8
Q

What is the epicardium made up of?

A

Connective tissue

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9
Q

Which layer of the heart is the toughest?

A

Epicardium

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10
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A fibrous sac in which the heart is enclosed.

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11
Q

What is the space between the pericardium and epicardium?

A

The pericardial cavity.

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12
Q

What is the percardial cavity filled with?

A

Pericardial fluid

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13
Q

What is the purpose of pericardial fluid in the pericardial cavity?

A

To avoid the painful friction of the heart rubbing when it contracts which would happen if there was no fluid. (It acts as a lubrication).

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14
Q

What is the pericardial fluid produced by?

A

Pericardium

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15
Q

What happens when you get an inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis) ?

A

There is less secretion of pericardial fluid causing dry friction and pain.

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16
Q

What are the two circuits of the heart?

A

Pulmonary (to the lungs)

Systemic (to the body)

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17
Q

Which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?

A

right

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18
Q

Which part of the heart does deoxygenated blood first encounter?

A

The right atria

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19
Q

Where does the superior vena carva bring blood in from?

A

From the head and neck

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20
Q

Where does the inferior vena carva bring blood in from?

A

From the rest of the body

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21
Q

What is the purpose of sending blood upto the lungs?

A

To oxygenate it

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22
Q

What is the name of the atrioventricular valve on the right side?

A

Tricuspid

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23
Q

What is the name of the atrioventricular valve on the left side?

A

Bicuspid

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24
Q

What are the three openings of the right atria?

A

Opening of the superior vena cava
Opening of the inferior vena cava
Opening of the fossa ovalis ( better known as the coronary sinus)

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25
Q

What blood comes from the coronary sinus?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the heart itself

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26
Q

Why is the tricuspid valve called a tricuspid valve?

A

Because it consists of three flaps of connective tissue

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27
Q

Why is the bicuspid valve called a bicuspid valve?

A

Because it consists of two flaps of connective tissue

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28
Q

What is the purpose of the atrioventricular valves?

A

It stops the backflow of blood into the atria

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29
Q

What vessel takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

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30
Q

What valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?

A

Semi-lunar valves

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31
Q

What two sub branches does the pulmonary artery split into?

A

Right and left pulmonary artery

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32
Q

What are the four openings of the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary veins-2 from the left lung , 2 from the right lung

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33
Q

What does blood ( for the body) leave the heart via?

A

The aorta

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34
Q

How can you tell the difference between the right and left ventricles?

A

The size of the muscle wall - left muscle wall is thicker.

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35
Q

Why is the left ventricle muscle wall thicker than the right?

A

Because it has to push blood to the entire body rather than just the lungs that are delicate and so blood can’t be sent at such high pressure.

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36
Q

Where do the coronary arteries take the blood to?

A

The heart itself

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37
Q

What do the coronary arteries branch off?

A

The aorta

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38
Q

What is another name for the tricuspid?

A

Mitral

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39
Q

Are valves active or passive?

A

Passive ( they contain no muscles)

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40
Q

What are the two types of semilunar valves?

A

pulmonary semi-lunar valve

aortic semi lunar valve

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41
Q

What is the difference between semi-lunar valves and atrio-ventricular valves?

A

Semi-lunar valves are cup shaped whereas atrioventricular valves are flaps/leaflets.

AV valves have papillary muscles attached by chordae tendinae ( not used for closing muscle).

42
Q

In a heartbeat what is the ‘lub’ sound and what is the ‘dub’ sound?

A

Lub sound occurs when AV Valve closes

Dub sound occurs when semi-lunar valves close

43
Q

What are the two things that can go wrong with a valve

A

The valve doesnt open far enough (stenosis)

The valve doesnt shut properly (regurgitation-leaky blood flow)

44
Q

What is a stenosis?

A

Any narrowing

45
Q

What can cause stenosis of a valve?

A

Calcification of the the valve can cause stenosis.

46
Q

What is the regurgitation of a valve?

A

When it doesnt shut properly and so blood leaks through backwards.

47
Q

How can defect valves be treated?

A

By being reolaced by bits of plastic with clever hinges

48
Q

What is a diastole reading?

A

The pressure reading between contractions of the heart.

49
Q

What is a systole reading?

A

The pressure reading when the heart is contracting

50
Q

When ventricles contract do they open or shut AV valves?

A

They shut AV valves

51
Q

When do the semi lunar valves close?

A

When the ventricles relax

52
Q

Nerve cells(neurones) and muscle fibres transmit ‘messages’ in the form of small electrical signals known as what?

A

Action potentials

53
Q

How are electrical messages transmitted tpo adjacent or nearby muscle or neurone cells ?

A

By the release of neurotransmitters

54
Q

The somatic nervous system is involved with what movement?

A

Skeletal

55
Q

The autonomic nervous system with which muscles?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle

56
Q

What two subgroups can the autonomic nervous system be divided into?

A

Parasympathetic (resting and digestign)

Sympathetic (fight or flight response)

57
Q

What are key features of the myocardium ( heart muscle)?

A

It is striated - it has areas of thick myosin and thin actin.
( This suggests it can generate alot of force and makes it fast).

Cardiac muscle cells are uni-nucleated.

Cardiac muscle fibres branch

Cardiac fibres are joined by gap junctions (intercalated discs) forming a syncitium.

58
Q

What are the differences between cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells?

A

Skeletal muscle cells are multi-nucleated whereas cardiac muscles are uni-nucleated.

Skeletal muscle fibres don’t branch whereas cardiac muscle fibres do branch.

59
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Gap junctions. They allow action potential to spread very quickly from one cardiac muscle cell to the other very quickly.

60
Q

What does it mean to be myogenic?

A

Generates it’s own electrical signal, beats independantly of the nervous system.

61
Q

What is the myogenic rythmn of the heart maintained by?

A

By the specialised excitory and conductive muscle system

62
Q

What is the specialised excitory and conductive muscle system made up of?

A

Modified cardiac muscle.
i.e. (SAN) Sinoatrial node.
AVN (atrioventricular node)

63
Q

How does the cardiac cycle occur?

A

SAN releases an electrical signal.

this spread the as very fast because of the branching of cardiac muscles and the connection at electrical junctions

64
Q

How come both the right and left atria seem to contract simultaneously ( at the same time) despite the signal only coming from the right atria (SAN)?

A

Due to the branching of the cardiac muscle fibres and their connections at electrical junctions the action potential spreads very fast in all directions cauing the atria to contract almost simultaneously.

65
Q

Why couldn’t the atria and ventricles be connected by a single sheet of muscles?

A

Because they would all contract together and blood would splurt out in all directions ( because of the pressure).

Thus both atrias are covered by one muscle sheet and both ventricles are covered by one muscle sheet.

66
Q

Are the mucle sheets of the atria and ventricles joined to eachother?

A

Yes but only at one point. ( The bundle of his).

67
Q

Why are the bundle of his cells so thin,small and narrow?

A

To delay/slow down the transmission of the electrical signal to the apex, giving both atrias the time to contract fully before contraction of the ventricles occurs.

68
Q

Do impulses travel faster in narrower/smaller cells or thicker/larger cells?

A

Thicker/Larger cells

69
Q

After travelling through the bundle of his where do impulses travel through?

A

The purkinje fibres

70
Q

What do the purkinje fibres do?

A

Ensure the action potential is spread throughout the ventricles.

71
Q

What is one cardiac cycle?

A

One heart beat

72
Q

What is the average blood pressure reading?

A

120/80

73
Q

What unit is blood pressure measured in?

A

mmHg - millimetres of mercury

74
Q

What is blood pressure measured with?

A

Sphygmomanometer

75
Q

How does a Sphygmomanometer work to determine blood pressure?

A

An inflatable cuff is put around the patient, stopping the blood flow. The idea is once you are slightly above the systolic pressure the artery collapses. You then release the pressure, at the systolic pressure point the blood will travel through. You keep releasing pressure until blood is just below the diastolic pressure and thus the blood vessel is not collapsed anymore.

You determine when blood is flowing by using a stethoscope. When you collapse the artery you won’t hear anything because blood isnt flowing. When you release the pressure slightly you begin to hear a soft tapping noise. This is known as a sound of korotkoff.
As you continue releasing the pressure you will hear a rustling sound that becomes louder until it dies away - at this point you know that the artery is no longer under any pressure - this is the diastolic pressure.

When you first hear the sound its the systolic sound.
when the sound goes away its the diastolyic pressure.

76
Q

Does blood flowing normally through an artery make a sound?

A

No as flow is smooth through endothelium lining.

77
Q

What factors can affect blood pressure?

A 
Differs individual to individual.
Age 
Diet 
What you're doing ( exercise)
Whether you fancy someone
Tight clothing 
Drinking 
Time of day
78
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

79
Q

What happens to the size of blood vessels as they move further away from the heart?

A

Generally the size of the vessel decrease

80
Q

What is the relative size of venules?

A

They are bigger than capillaries but smaller than veins

81
Q

What is the relative size of an arteriole?

A

They are smaller than arteries but bigger than capillaries.

82
Q

What are the layers of an artery?

A

Lumen
Endothelium ( simple squamous epithelium)
Tunica media - muscle layer- smooth muscle.
Tunica Externa - connective tissue.

83
Q

What’s the function of the tunica media?

A

To contract and thus change the diameter of the blood vessel.

84
Q

Why do arteries constrict when you cut yourself?

A

To restrict blood flow so less blood is lost

85
Q

What is the tunica externa made out of?

A

Connective tissue

86
Q

What layer recieves nerve supply from autonomic nerve system?

A

Tunica Media

87
Q

What are vaso vasorum?

A

Smaller arteries within large arteries ( which provides a blood supply to the artery itself)

88
Q

What is the structure of a capillary?

A

One cell thick endothelium

89
Q

What are the four types of capillaries?

A

Continuous

Fenestrated

90
Q

What is a key feature of a fenestrated capillary?

A

It has lots of pores ( very leaky)

91
Q

What is a key feature of a continuous capillary?

A

Adjacent endothelium cells joined by tight junctions.

92
Q

What are the layers of veins?

A

They are the same as of arteries however the muscle layer is a bit thinner and the tunica externa which is a little thicker than of arteries.

93
Q

Which blood vessel out of arteries and veins has the thinner wall?

A

Veins thats why you can see the blood in them.

94
Q

How do you diffrentiate between arteries and veins?

A

Veins are darker.

95
Q

What is a key feature of veins?

A

Valves to avoid backflow

96
Q

As you move further from the heart what happens to blood pressure?

A

It decreases

97
Q

What pressure does both our systolic and diastolic reading refer to?

A

The pressure in MAJOR veins or arteries

98
Q

How can muscles affect the flow of blood in veins?

A

The contraction of muscles that have veins running alongside them squeezes the vein causing te blood to be ‘milked’ up - this is helpful for veins in the leg which are travelling against gravity.

99
Q

What is the term for when valves stop working?

A

Varicose veins . Where valves break down there is an accumulation of blood giving the image of those enlarged veins.

100
Q

What are vericos veins in the bum known as?

A

Hemorrhoids

0V015 Biology & Pathology (57 decks)

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