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0V015 Biology & Pathology > Hypersensitivity L08 > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity L08 Flashcards

1
Q

What cells come under the name of lymphocytes?

A

B cell
T cell
Large granular lymphocyte

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2
Q

What cells come under the name of phagocytes?

A

Mononuclear phagocyte
Neutrophil
Eosinophil

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3
Q

What cells come under the name of auxillary cells?

A

Basophils
Mast cells
Platelets

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4
Q

What do type 1 T helper cells do? (TH-1)

A

Activate macrophages

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5
Q

What do type 2 T helper cells do? (TH-2)

A

Help B cells to divide and differentiate to form antibodies

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6
Q

What do cytotoxic cells do?

A

Destroy virally infected cells and tumour cells (large granular lymphocytes have similar properties)

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7
Q

What is the main purpose of inflammation?

A

Attract leukocytes towards the site of infection.

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8
Q

Examples of soluble mediators of immunity?

A

Antibodies and cytokines produced by lymphocytes and

Other serum proteins e.g. complement

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9
Q

What is the function of the complement system?

A 
Opsonization of microorganisms
Attraction of phagocytes
Increased blood flow and increased vascular permeability
Damage to cell membranes
Release of mediators from mast cells
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10
Q

What does immunopathology consist of?

A

Hypersensitivity
Autoimmunity
Immunodeficiency

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11
Q

What are hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated or inappropriate immune responses that lead to tissue damage.

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12
Q

What do B cells and T cells have in common?

A

They both have antigen receptors on their surface

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13
Q

What are B cells responsible for?

A

Antibody production

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14
Q

What type of response are T cells involved in?

A

Cell-mediated

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15
Q

Where in the eye are mast cells heavily prevalent?

A

In the conjunctiva and the surface of the eyelid

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16
Q

What is degranulation?

A

Expressing granules in tissues

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17
Q

What are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions?

A

TYPE I
TYPE II
TYPE III
TYPE IV

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18
Q

What are type V hypersensitivity reactions?

A

An additional type of reaction that is sometimes used as a distinction from type 2 to include autoimmune mechanisms where autoantibodies bind to receptors

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19
Q

What are some examples of type V hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Graves Disease

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20
Q

What does it mean to be immunocompromised?

A

Having a very weak immune system which makes one very succeptible to disease

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21
Q

What is immunopathology?

A

the study of immune responses associated with disease

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22
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Destruction of ones own body cells as they are viewed as foreign

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23
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

Over reactivity of the immune system

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24
Q

What is immunodeficiency?

A

Hyporeactivity - unreactive/less reactive immune system

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25
Q

Give example of how immunodeficiency can be acquired?

A

AIDS

The use of steroids

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26
Q

How can steroids cause immunodeficiency?

A

Steroids reduce the production of chemicals that cause inflammation thus act as immunosupressants.

27
Q

How are type I sensitivity reactions mediated?

A

Mast cell mediated

28
Q

How are type II sensitivity reactions mediated?

A

Antibody mediated

29
Q

How are type III sensitivity reactions mediated?

A

Via deposition of immune complexes

30
Q

How are type IV sensitivity reactions mediated?

A

Cell mediated ( delayed onset)

31
Q

What are immune complexes?

A

An antibody and antigen together

32
Q

What name is often given to type I reactions?

A

Immediate type as well as atopy

33
Q

How quickly can a response to a hypersensitivity reaction be seen?

A

Within a few minutes of exposure to a variety of environmental antigens e.g. pollen, housemites, animal dander.

34
Q

What are some examples of environmental allergens?

A

Pollen, Housemites, animal dander ( animal skin cells that they shed)

35
Q

What is an example of a mild type 1 hypersensitvity reaction?

A

Hayfever

36
Q

What is an example of a severe type I hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Anaphylaxis

37
Q

Do Type I hypersensitivity reactions hold a genetic link?

A

YES

38
Q

Define Perennial

A

Lasting for infintely long i.e. all year round

39
Q

What is the medical name for hayfever?

A

Seasonal allergic rhinitis

40
Q

What is rhinorrea?

A

Runny nose

41
Q

What is epiphora?

A

Watering of the eyes

42
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

Adangerous type of allergic reaction which is most likely to be caused by particular foods (nuts), insect bites and some types of medication

43
Q

What are the early signs of anaphylaxis?

A

Swelling and itching , hives (Uerticara) etc,

44
Q

What is urticaria?

A

Hives

45
Q

What is the difficulty breathing in anaphylaxis caused by?

A

The mucosa associated with the larynx starts to swell closing the airways causing asphyxiation.

46
Q

What does innocuous mean?

A

Non harmful

47
Q

How is anaphylaxis treated?

A

Intramuscular injection of adrenaline (epinephrine) followed by an IV drip of antihistamine and corticosteroid to keep the inflammatory reaction under control.

48
Q

What is an APC?

A

Antigen presenting cell

49
Q

What is the mechanism of type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Allergens are deposited on mucous membranes and taken up and processed by APCs.
The APC presents the allergen to the T helper cell (TH-2) which releases cytokines, causing B cells to produce IgE antibodies.
The IgE antibodies bind to mast cells triggering degranulation of mast cells.

50
Q

What is the chemical name for adrenaline?

A

Epinephrine

51
Q

What do the granules from the mast cells contain?

A

They contain mediators - e.g. histamine , heparin

52
Q

What mediators do mast cells contain?

A

preformed and newly formed mediators. These include;

histamine , heparin and neutral protease as preformed mediators and

leukotrines, prostaglandin D2 and platelet activating factor as newly formed mediators.

53
Q

What are autoantibodies?

A

self reacting antibodies , which react against our own body components.

54
Q

What are examples of type II hypersensitivity?

A

Transfusion reactions and heamolytic diseases of newborns e.g. rhesus

55
Q

What is the type II hypersensitivity reaction mechanism?

A

Antibodies bind to cell surface antigens.
Phagocytes bind to the antibody via their Fc receptor.
Phagocytosis of target cell thus occurs.
Meanwhile antibody binding also activates complement system causing complement mediated cell lysis.

56
Q

What is Type III hypersensitivity caused by?

A

Excessive formation of immune complexes

57
Q

What can Type III hypersensitivity be caused by?

A

Persistent low grade infection or repeated inhalation of antigens

58
Q

What are some examples of Type III hypersensitivity?

A

Farmers lung ( caused by continuous inhalation of pollen)
Immune complex glomerulonephritis
(inflamamtion of the kidney)

59
Q

What essentially happens in type III hypersensitivity and what does this cause?

A

Too many immune complexes are formed and so can’t be phagocytosed quick enough thus are deposited into tissues. This induces platelet aggregation as well as activates the compliment system. It also attracts phagocytes which release strong chemicals (enzymes) causing tissue damage.

60
Q

What is platelet aggregation?

A

The formation of platelet clusters.

61
Q

What is a key factor of Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

It has a delayed response

62
Q

What are some examples of Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

Contact Dermatitis and tuberculin reaction

63
Q

What are some occular examples of Hypersensitivity?

A

Giant papillary Conjunctivitis

64
Q

What is the mechanism of Type IV Hypersensitivity?

A

APC resident in the skin processes antigen and migrates to regional lymph nodes where they activate T cells.
These T cells migrate back to the skin where they produce cytokines which attarct macrophages which in turn cause tissue damage.

0V015 Biology & Pathology (57 decks)

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