Antituberculars, Antifungals, and Antivirals Reporter 12 Flashcards
(39 cards)
Tuberculosis (TB) – Cause:
: acid- fast bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB)
Transmission:
airborne, through coughing, sneezing and speaking.
Antitubercular Drugs or Antimycobacterials - treat persons with TB disease and those who are
exposed to TB disease
Streptomycin
o Isoniazid (INH)
● Single-drug Therapy
- ineffective in treatment of TB disease due to drug resistance.
Combination Therapy
more effective in eradicating infection than any single drug.
Decreases duration of treatment from 2 years to 6-9 months
. Different combinations of
drugs can be used with
Isoniazid (INH), rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide.
Combination Therapy is divided into two phases:
- Initial phase: lasts 2 months
- Continuation phase: next 4 or 7 months. Total treatment plan can be up
to 9 months or longer, depending on response to drugs therapy.
o Categories of Tubercular Drugs:
- First-line drugs -
- drugs that are chosen first (Isoniazid or INH, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and
ethambutol)
o Categories of Tubercular Drugs:
Drugs used in the treatment of drug-resistant TB
- Used in combination with first-line
drugs to treat drug-resistant TB, consists of a minimum of three drugs, but preferably four to
five drugs, to ensure adherence
First-line Treatment for Tuberculosis Disease:
Classification:
Rifampin
Streptomycin
. Isoniazid
Ethambutol hydrochloride
. Pyrazinamide
First-line Treatment for Tuberculosis Disease:
Classification:
. Rifampin
Used in combination with other tubercular drugs. Best taken on an empty stomach.
Contents of capsules may be mixed with applesauce or jelly.
First-line Treatment for Tuberculosis Disease:
Classification:
Streptomycin
- First drug used in the treatment of TB disease in 1943. However, patients deteriorated after
3 months of therapy due to drug resistance. - Inject into a large muscle mass
First-line Treatment for Tuberculosis Disease:
Classification:
Isoniazid
(INH) “wonder drug” - remains the first-line treatment for TB diseases.
- Given with Vitamin B6 to prevent neuropathy
- Contraindicated in liver disease or liver damage.
Can be used during pregnancy
First-line Treatment for Tuberculosis Disease:
Classification:
Ethambutol hydrochloride
- Giving food does alter absorption. Give on a once-every-24-hours basis only.
Common adverse effect is eye damage, including color vision
First-line Treatment for Tuberculosis Disease:
Classification:
Pyrazinamide
Can be given without regard to meals and promote fluid intake to decrease renal
complications.
- Monitor LFTs and serum uric acid.
Drugs for Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis:
Antitubercular Drugs used in combination with the First-line drugs based on sensitivity
- Aminosalicylate sodium (via PO)
- Capreomycin (via IM or IV)
- Cycloserine (via PO)
- Ethionamide (via PO)
Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
. Isoniazid
(INH)
Peripheral Neuropathy (malnourished, diabetes mellitus, alcoholics)
Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
. Rifampin
Turns body fluids orange.
Soft contact lenses may be permanently discolored.
May also cause thrombocytopenia and GI tolerance.
Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
. Ethambutol
Dizziness. confusion, color blindness, hallucinations and joint pain.
Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Streptomycin
Ototoxicity, optic nerve toxicity, encephalopathy, angioedema central
nervous system (CNS), respiratory depression, nephrotoxicity, and
hepatotoxicity
Local Fungal Infections
- Fungi known as dermatophytes can cause local fungal infection
involving the integumentary system
Systemic Fungal Infections
Opportunistic infection usually occurs in the immunocompromised
Primary infection occurs in immunocompetent persons.
Antifungal Drugs, also known as an
antimycotic medication
Antitubercular Drugs or
Antimycobacterials -
