HIV-and AIDS-Related Drugs Reporters 14

Question 1

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV

Answer 1

RNA retrovirus

Question 2

HIV destroys

Answer 2

CD4+ T cell also called helper T cells or CD4+ T lymphocytes

Question 3

HIV Life Cycle
● Phases:

Answer 3

binding, fusion, reverse transcription, integration, replication, assembly, and
budding.

Question 4

● HIV begins its life cycle when it binds to

Answer 4

CD4+ receptors on the surface of a CD4+ T
lymphocyte

Question 5

HIV Transmission

Sexual contact, which include (MSM)

Direct blood contact including:

Answer 5

Oral, vaginal, anal sex

Intravenous (IV) drug use with shared needles or shared drug work

Question 6

Some people infected by HIV develop a flu-like illness within two to four weeks after the virus
enters the body. This illness, known as

Answer 6

primary (acute) HIV infection

Question 7

Clinical latent infection (Chronic HIV)

Answer 7

HIV is still present in the body and in white blood cells. However, many
people may not have any symptoms or infections during this time.

Question 8

As the virus continues to multiply and destroy your immune cells — the cells in your body that help
fight off germs — you may develop mild infections or chronic signs and symptoms

Answer 8

Symptomatic HIV infection

Question 9

Opportunistic infections common to HIV/AIDS:

: This fungal infection can cause severe illness.
Although it’s declined significantly with current treatments for HIV/AIDS, in the U.S. PCP is
still the most common cause of pneumonia in people infected with HIV.

Answer 9

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

Question 10

Opportunistic infections common to HIV/AIDS:

. It causes
inflammation and a thick, white coating on your mouth, tongue, esophagus or vagina.

Answer 10

Candidiasis (thrush):

Question 11

Opportunistic infections common to HIV/AIDS:

is the most common opportunistic
infection associated with HIV. It’s a leading cause of death among people with AIDS

Answer 11

Tuberculosis (TB):

Question 12

Opportunistic infections common to HIV/AIDS:

This common herpes virus is transmitted in body fluids such as saliva,
blood, urine, semen and breast milk. A healthy immune system inactivates the virus, and it
remains dormant in your body. If your immune system weakens, the virus resurfaces —
causing damage to your eyes, digestive tract, lungs or other organs

Answer 12

Cytomegalovirus

Question 13

Opportunistic infections common to HIV/AIDS:

: This cancer starts in the white blood cells. The most common early sign is
painless swelling of the lymph nodes in your neck, armpit or groin

Answer 13

Lymphoma

Question 14

Opportunistic infections common to HIV/AIDS:

is a common
central nervous system infection associated with HIV, caused by a fungus found in soil.

Answer 14

Cryptococcal meningitis

Question 15

Opportunistic infections common to HIV/AIDS:

a
parasite spread primarily by cats. Infected cats pass the parasites in their stools, which may
then spread to other animals and humans

can cause heart disease, and
seizures occur when it spreads to the brain.

Answer 15

Toxoplasmosis

Question 16

Opportunistic infections common to HIV/AIDS:

: A tumor of the blood vessel walls, _____ usually appears
as pink, red or purple lesions on the skin and mouth. In people with darker skin, the
lesions may look dark brown or black

Answer 16

Kaposi’s sarcoma:

Question 17

Other complications:

: Untreated HIV/AIDS can cause significant weight loss, often
accompanied by diarrhea, chronic weakness and fever

Answer 17

Wasting syndrome

Question 18

Other complications:

: HIV can cause neurological symptoms such as confusion,
forgetfulness, depression, anxiety and difficulty walking. HIV-associated neurocognitive
disorders (HAND) can range from mild symptoms of behavioral changes and reduced
mental functioning to severe dementia causing weakness and inability to function.

Answer 18

Neurological complications

Question 19

Other complications:
: HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is an inflammation of the tiny filters
in your kidneys that remove excess fluid and wastes from your blood and pass them to your
urine. It most often affects black or Hispanic people

Answer 19

Kidney disease

Question 20

Other complications:

disease is also a major complication, especially in people who also
have hepatitis B or hepatitis C.

Answer 20

Liver disease

Question 21

Laboratory Testing

CD4+ T-cell count

A normal CD4 count is from

Goal:

Answer 21

500 to 1,400 cells g/mm3 of blood.

goal to increase CD4 count

Question 22

Laboratory Testing

Plasma HIV RNA quantitative assay (or viral load test)

Goal:

Answer 22

• level of virus circulating in the
  blood and is the best determinant of treatment efficacy

Goal: to decrease or lower HIV viral load

Question 23

Laboratory Testing

HIV resistance testing

Key Goal of Therapy

Answer 23

: achieve and maintain a viral load below the limits of detection
(<20 to 40 copies/mL, depending on the assay used).

. Goal: 16 - 24 weeks of therapy

Question 24

also known as “nukes” were the first type of drug to treat HIV

Answer 24

NRTIs

Question 25

act by interfering with HIV viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, resulting in inhibition of viral replication. “nuke,”

Answer 25

NRTIs

Question 26

Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors NRTIs GI side effects

Answer 26

s (transient and improve within the first 2 weeks of therapy such as: ● Nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash -common hypersensitivity reaction.

Question 27

NRTIs also known as

Answer 27

“nukes”

Question 28

(NRTIs) Abacavir (ABC)

Answer 28

▪ Avoid in persons with cardiovascular risk factors and hepatic impairment.

Question 29

(NRTIs) Didanosine

Answer 29

▪ DDI is not recommended for initial therapy due to inferior virologic efficacy. ▪ Take on an empty stomach ER capsules must be swallowed whole.

Question 30

(NRTIs) Lamivudine (3TC)

Answer 30

Minimal toxicity with 3TC; ▪ Take without regards to meals ▪ Adjust dosage in patients with renal insufficiency.

Question 31

(NRTIs) Zidovudine (ZDV)

Answer 31

For patients with HIV infection, prevention of maternal-fetal HIV transmission Mode of Action: Inhibits viral enzyme reverse transcriptase and thymidine kinase, enzymes necessary for viral HIV replication.

Question 32

(INNRTIs Efavirenz (EFV)

Answer 32

Caution: Patients with history of mental illness or drug; abuse; liver impairment; seizure disorder.

Question 33

(INNRTIs Nevirapine (NVP)

Answer 33

▪ NVP should not be used as an initial treatment option for treatment-naïve patients because fatal toxicities can occur.

Question 34

Protease Inhibitors Atazanavir

Answer 34

▪ Treatment of HIV-1 infection

Question 35

Opportunistic Infections a causes DARK BLUE LESIONS that can occur in a variety of locations, including the SKIN, mucous membranes, GI tract, lungs, or lymph nodes;

Answer 35

2. Kaposi sarcoma

Question 36

is caused by a fungus that shares biologic characteristics with protozoa that infect the lungs

Answer 36

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP

Question 37

s caused by a protozoan can be found in uncooked meat and cat feces. Infection in the brain can cause headache, confusion, motor weakness, and fever

Answer 37

Toxoplasmosis encephalitis

Question 38

) infection is caused by a virus that infects the entire body, but it most commonly appears as RETINITIS, causing blurred vision that can lead to BLINDNESS

Answer 38

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Question 39

Treatment regimens after percutaneous exposure to HIV are called

Answer 39

postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimens

Question 40

Common Drug Use In PEP:

Answer 40

Atazanavir (PI) - Abacavir (NRTI) - Efavirenz (NNRTI) - Elvitegravir (INSTI)