Biological Bases of Behavior

Question 1

neuroanatomy

Answer 1

the study of the parts and function of neurons

Question 2

neurons

Answer 2

individual nerve cells that make up our entire nervous system

Question 3

dendrites

Answer 3

rootlike parts of the nerve cell that stretch out from the cell body; grow to make synaptic connections with other neurons

Question 4

cell body (soma)

Answer 4

contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain its life

Question 5

axon

Answer 5

wirelike structure ending in the terminal buttons that extends from the cell body

Question 6

myelin sheath

Answer 6

a fatty covering around the axon that speeds neural impulses

Question 7

terminal buttons

Answer 7

also called: end buttons, terminal branches of axon, synaptic knobs

Question 8

neurotransmitters

Answer 8

chemicals contained in terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate

Question 9

synapse

Answer 9

the space beween the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neurons

Question 10

action potential

Answer 10

the local voltage change across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted

Question 11

function of acetylcholine

Answer 11

motor movement

Question 12

lack of acetylcholine

Answer 12

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 13

function of dopamine

Answer 13

motor movement and alertness

Question 14

lack of dopamine

Answer 14

Parkinson’s disease

Question 15

overabundance of dopamine

Answer 15

schizophrenia

Question 16

function of endorphins

Answer 16

pain control; involved in addictions

Question 17

function of serotonin

Answer 17

mood control

Question 18

lack of serotonin

Answer 18

associated with clinical depression

Question 19

afferent neurons

Answer 19

neurons that take information from the senses to the brain

Question 20

interneurons

Answer 20

in the brain or spinal cord, neurons that take messages and send them elsewhere in the brain or spinal cord

Question 21

efferent neurons

Answer 21

neurons that take information from the brain to the rest of the body

Question 22

Central Nervous System

Answer 22

consists of the brain and spinal cord; nerves encased in bone

Question 23

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 23

consists of nerves not encased in bone

Question 24

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 24

controls voluntary muscle movements

Question 25

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 25

controls the automatic functions of our body

Question 26

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 26

part of the Autonomic Nervous System

Question 27

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Answer 27

part of the Autonomic Nervous System

Question 28

Phineas Gage

Answer 28

a railroad worker involved in an accident that damaged the front part of his brain

Question 29

lesioning

Answer 29

the removal or destruction of part of the brain

Question 30

frontal lobotomy

Answer 30

type of lesioining that was used to treat mentally ill patiens

Question 31

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 31

detects brain waves, used in sleep research

Question 32

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

Answer 32

a sophisticated 3D X ray of the brain

Question 33

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 33

a sophisticated 3D magnetic field image of the brain

Question 34

Portion Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer 34

measures how much of a certain chemical parts of the brain is using

Question 35

Functional MRI

Answer 35

combination of MRI and PET

Question 36

hindbrain

Answer 36

structures in the top part of the spinal cord, controls basic biological functions that keep us alive

Question 37

medulla

Answer 37

part of hindbrain

Question 38

pons

Answer 38

part of hindbrain

Question 39

cerebellum

Answer 39

part of hindbrain

Question 40

midbrain

Answer 40

coordinates simple movements with sensory information

Question 41

reticular formation

Answer 41

a netlike collection of cells throughout the hindbrain that controls general body arousal and he ability to focus our attention

Question 42

forebrain

Answer 42

controls thought and reason

Question 43

thalamus

Answer 43

part of forebrain

Question 44

hypothalamus

Answer 44

part of forebrain

Question 45

amygdala and hippocampus

Answer 45

hippocampus- arms surrounding the thalamus

Question 46

limbic system

Answer 46

made up of thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus

Question 47

fissures

Answer 47

wrinkles in the cerebral cortex

Question 48

contralateral control

Answer 48

each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body

Question 49

brain lateralization/hemispheric specialization

Answer 49

specialization of function in each hemisphere

Question 50

corpus callosum

Answer 50

the nerve bundle that connects the two hempisheres; cut in split-brain patients

Question 51

split-brain patients

Answer 51

patients whose corpus callosums have been cut

Question 52

association area

Answer 52

any area of the cerebral cortex that is not associated with receiving sensory information or controlling muscle movements

Question 53

frontal lobes

Answer 53

part of the cerebral cortex

Question 54

Broca's area

Answer 54

in the frontal lobe

Question 55

motor cortex

Answer 55

in the frontal lobe

Question 56

parietal lobes

Answer 56

contains sensory cortex (somato-sensory cortex)

Question 57

sensory cortex (somato-sensory cortex)

Answer 57

receives incoming touch sensations from the rest of the body

Question 58

occipital lobes

Answer 58

at the very back of the brain

Question 59

temporal lobes

Answer 59

unlike occipital lobes, sound from either ear is processed in both temporal lobes

Question 60

Wernicke's area

Answer 60

located in temporal lobe

Question 61

brain plasticity

Answer 61

the ability of other parts of the brain to take over functions of damaged regions. Declines as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralize.

Question 62

adrenal glands

Answer 62

produce adrenaline, which causes rest of body to go into fight or flight mode

Question 63

Thomas Bouchard

Answer 63

conducted study on identical twins that found a correlation of 0.69 on IQ, criticized because their similar appearances may have led to their being treated similarly

Question 64

Turner's syndrome

Answer 64

only one X chromosome in the 23rd pair

Question 65

Klinefelter's syndrome

Answer 65

extra X chromosome

Question 66

Down's syndrome

Answer 66

extra chromosome on the 21st pair