Cognition

Question 1

three-box/information-processing model

Answer 1

sensory, encoding, short-term/working, long-term and retrieval

Question 2

George Sperling

Answer 2

demonstrated sensory memory by flashing a grid of 9 letters for 1/20th of a second

Question 3

sensory memory

Answer 3

a split-second holding tank for incoming sensory information

Question 4

iconic memory

Answer 4

a split-second perfect photograph of a scene

Question 5

echoic memory

Answer 5

a split-second perfect memory of a sound

Question 6

selective attention

Answer 6

determines what is encoded from sensory memory to short-term memory

Question 7

short-term (working) memory

Answer 7

memories currently using and are aware of in consciousness

Question 8

chunking

Answer 8

grouping items in about 7

Question 9

mnemonic aids

Answer 9

memory aids

Question 10

rehearse

Answer 10

repeat

Question 11

long-term memory

Answer 11

permanent storage

Question 12

episodic memory

Answer 12

memories of specific events, stored in a sequential series of events

Question 13

semantic memory

Answer 13

general knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings, or categories rather than sequentially

Question 14

procedural memory

Answer 14

memories of skills and how to perform them

Question 15

explicit (declarative) memory

Answer 15

conscious memories of facts or events we actively tried to remember

Question 16

implicit (nondeclarative) memory

Answer 16

unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have

Question 17

eidetic (photographic) memory

Answer 17

the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure

Question 18

Alexandra Luria

Answer 18

studied a patient with eidetic memory who could repeat a list of 70 letters or digits and remember it up to 15 years later

Question 19

levels of processing model

Answer 19

• long/short-term memory doesn’t exist

Question 20

retrieval

Answer 20

two types of retrieval: recognition and recall

Question 21

recognition

Answer 21

the process of matching a current event or fact with one already in memory

Question 22

recall

Answer 22

retrieving a memory with an external cue

Question 23

primacy effect

Answer 23

predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list

Question 24

recency effect

Answer 24

predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the end of a list

Question 25

serial position effect (curve)

Answer 25

when recall of a list is affected by the order of items in a list

Question 26

tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon

Answer 26

condition of being almost, but not quite, able to remember something; used to investigate the nature of semantic memory

Question 27

semantic network theory

Answer 27

memories are linked to one another like spiderwebs

Question 28

flashbulb memory

Answer 28

highly detailed memory of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising news is heard

Question 29

state-dependent memory

Answer 29

recalling events encoded while in a particular state of consciousness, like sleepiness

Question 30

mood congruent memory

Answer 30

the greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matches the mood we were in when the event happened

Question 31

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 31

showed that recovered memories could be constructed or false recollections of events

Question 32

constructed memory

Answer 32

may report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that never occured

Question 33

decay

Answer 33

not using a memory or connections to a memory for a long period of time

Question 34

relearning

Answer 34

after learning and forgetting, learning again becomes faster

Question 35

interference

Answer 35

other information competes with what you're trying to recall

Question 36

retroactive interference

Answer 36

learning new information interferes with the recall of older information

Question 37

proactive interference

Answer 37

old information interferes with the recall of newer information

Question 38

anterograde amnesia

Answer 38

old memories can be recalled, new memories (except procedural) cannot be made

Question 39

long-term potention

Answer 39

repeated firings between neurons strengthen the connection between them

Question 40

phonemes

Answer 40

the smallest units of sound used in a language

Question 41

morphemes

Answer 41

the smallest unit of meaningful sound

Question 42

language acquisition

Answer 42

natural unconscious process of language development in humans that occurs without instruction, but needs exposure

Question 43

language acquisition theory

Answer 43

the ability to learn a language rapidly as children

Question 44

Noam Chomsky

Answer 44

language acquisition device

Question 45

language acquisition device

Answer 45

the ability to learn a language quickly as children

Question 46

babbling stage

Answer 46

innate, represents a baby's experimentation with phonemes

Question 47

telegraphic

Answer 47

second stage in language acquisition

Question 48

overgeneralization

Answer 48

misapplication of grammar rules

Question 49

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 49

Benjamin Whorf

Question 50

prototype

Answer 50

what concepts are based on, the most typical example of a particular concept

Question 51

image

Answer 51

mental pictures created in mind, not necessarily visual

Question 52

algorithm

Answer 52

a problem solving technique that guarantees the correct solution by trying every possibility

Question 53

heuristic

Answer 53

a rule of thumb, generally but not always true

Question 54

availability heuristic

Answer 54

judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially

Question 55

representativeness heuristic

Answer 55

judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in his or her mind

Question 56

belief bias

Answer 56

illogical conclusions in order to confirm our preexisting beliefs

Question 57

belief perseverance

Answer 57

tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence we used to form the belief is contradicted

Question 58

rigidity (mental set)

Answer 58

the tendency to fall into established thought patterns

Question 59

functional fixedness

Answer 59

an example of rigidity

Question 60

confirmation bias

Answer 60

the tendency to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts what we think is true

Question 61

framing

Answer 61

the way a problem is presented

Question 62

creativity

Answer 62

original/novel but still fits the situation

Question 63

convergent thinking

Answer 63

thinking pointed toward one solution

Question 64

divergent thinking

Answer 64

thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a question

Question 65

brain plasticity

Answer 65

the ability of other parts of the brain to take over functions of damaged regions. Declines as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralize.

Question 66

adrenal glands

Answer 66

produce adrenaline, which causes rest of body to go into fight or flight mode

Question 67

Thomas Bouchard

Answer 67

conducted study on identical twins that found a correlation of 0.69 on IQ, criticized because their similar appearances may have led to their being treated similarly

Question 68

Turner's syndrome

Answer 68

only one X chromosome in the 23rd pair

Question 69

Klinefelter's syndrome

Answer 69

extra X chromosome

Question 70

Down's syndrome

Answer 70

extra chromosome on the 21st pair