Flashcards in Social Psychology Deck (92):
1
social cognition
how people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions
2
attitude
set of beliefs and feelings
3
mere exposure effect
the more one is exposed to something, the more one will come to like it
4
LaPiere study
discovered that although people had bad attitudes towards Asians, they still treated them well
5
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
6
Festinger and Carlsmith experiment
Subjects asked to perform a boring task and then lie to the next subject that it was fun. One group was paid $1 and the other group was paid $20. The group paid $1 said that the boring task was fun, because they didn't have much of an external motivation to lie.
7
compliance strategies
strategies to get others to comply with your wishes
8
foot-in-the-door
if you can get people to agree to a small request, they will become more likely to agree to a follow-up request that is larger
9
door-in-the-face
after people refuse a large reques, hey will look more favorably upon a follow-up request that seems, in comparison, much more reasonable
10
norms of reciprocity
if someone does something nice for you, you feel obligated to do something nice for them
11
attribution theory
how people determine the cause ofwhat they observe
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dispositional/person attribution
personality traits; Charley did well on a math test because he is good at math
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situation attribution
situational influence; Charley did well on a math test because the test was easy
14
Harold Kelley
put forth a theory that explains the kind of attributions people make based on three kinds of information: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
15
consistency
how similarly the individual acts in the same situation over time
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distinctiveness
how similar this situation is to other situations in which we have watched the individual
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consensus
how other people acted in the same situation
18
self-fulfilling prophecy
an expectation that causes others to act in ways that make that expectation come true
19
Rosenthal and Jacobsen's experiment
Pygmalion in the Classroom
20
fundamental attribution error
people in individualist cultures systematically seem to overestimate the role of dispositional factors in influencing another person's actions
21
false-consensus effect
the tendency of people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them
22
self-serving bias
the endency to take more credit for good outcomes than for bad ones
23
just-world belief
misfortunes befall people who deserve them
24
stereotypes
ideas about what members of different groups are like, and these expectations may influence the way we interact with members of these groups
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prejudice
an undeserved, usually negative, attitude toward a group of people
26
discrimination
unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice
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in-group
people of their own group, seen as more diverse than people of out-groups
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out-group
people of other groups, seen as more homogeneous than people of in-groups
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in-group bias
people have a preference for members of their own group
30
contact theory
contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity, but only if the groups are made to work toward a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all (superordinate goal)
31
superordinate goal
a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all
32
SSherif's camp study
Robbers Cave study
33
instrumental aggression
aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain
34
hostile aggression
aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain
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frustration-aggression hypothesis
the feeling of frestration makes aggression more likely
36
Bandura, Ross, and Ross's experiment
Bobo doll experiment
37
prosocial behavior
behavior in which you help others
38
bystander intervention
the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation
39
diffusion of responsibility
reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect
40
pluralistic ignorance
no one believes, but everyone thinks that everyone believes
41
similarity, proximity and reciprocal liking
the three factors
42
implosive therapy
behavioral therapy
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aversive conditioning
behavioral therapy
44
instrumental conditioning
behavioral therapy
45
token economy
behavioral therapy
46
modeling
behavioral therapy
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attributional style
a person's characteristic way of explaining outcomes of events in his or her life
48
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT or RET)
Cognitive behavioral therapy developed by Albert Ellis. Therapists look to expose and confront the dysfunctional thoughts of their clients.
49
cognitive therapy
developed by Aaron Beck, usually used in treatment of depression, involves trying to get clients to engage in pursuits that will bring them success
50
cognitive triad
theorized by Aaron Beck
51
family therapy
a type of group therapy used to treat families
52
self-help groups
a type of group therapy that does not involve a therapist
53
psychopharmacology/chemotherapy
the use of drugs to treat psychological problems
54
antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics)
block the receptor sites for dopamine, used to treat schizophrenia, may result in tardive dyskinesia
55
tardive dyskinesia
Parkinsonian-like, chronic muscle tremors
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drugs used to treat unipolar depression
tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor drugs (Prozac) which all tend to increase the activity of serotonin
57
lithium
a metal used to trea the manic phase of bipolar disorder
58
drugs used to treat anxiety disorders
barbiturates (Miltown) and benzodiazepines (Xanax and Valium)
59
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
when an electric current is passed through one (unilateral ECT) or both (bilateral ECT) hemispheres of the brain
60
psychosurgery
the purposeful destruction of part of the brain to alter a person's behavior
61
prefrontal lobotomy
a type of psychosurgery
62
psychiatrists
medical doctors and are the only therapists permitted to prescribe medication
63
clinical psychologists
psychologists with a Ph. D. and specialize in research, assessment, and therapy
64
counseling psychologists
psychologists with a graduate degree in psychology and treat less severe problems than clinical psychologists do
65
psychoanalysts
people trained specifically in Freudian methods who may or may not hold medical degrees
66
paraphilia
the sexual attraction to an object, person, or activity not usually seen as sexual
67
fetishism
paraphilia
68
pedophilia
paraphilia
69
zoophilia
paraphilia
70
voyeur
paraphilia
71
masochist
paraphilia
72
sadist
paraphilia
73
antisocial personality disorder
little regard for other people's feelings
74
dependent personality disorder
rely too much on the attention and help of others
75
paranoid personality disorder
feel persecuted
76
narcissistic personality disorder
seeing oneself as the center of the universe
77
histronic personality disorder
overly dramatic behavior
78
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors, but not to the point of obsessive compulsive disorder
79
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder
80
bulimia
eating disorder
81
substance use disorder
regular and negative use of alcohol or other drugs that alter behavior
82
substance dependence
addiction
83
autism
developmental disorder
84
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
developmental disorder
85
Rosenhan Study
study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally and still were not labeled as impostors.
86
preconventional
reasoning limited to how things affect themselves
87
conventional
choice based on how others will view them
88
postconventional
examines rights and values involved in choice
89
Criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg
Carol Gilligan noted that his research was based on boys, her research showed that boys and girls had different moral attitudes, but was later disproved
90
biopsychological (neuropsychological) theory of gender development
studies demonstrate that biological differences do exist between the sexes
91
psychodynamic theory of gender development
gender development is a competition for your opposite sex parent, when you realize you can't win, you imitate your same-sex parent
92