States of Consciousness

Question 1

dualism

Answer 1

the universe, including humans, is made up of thought and matter (matter- everything that has substance)

Question 2

monism

Answer 2

everything is part of the same substance

Question 3

consciousness

Answer 3

level of awareness

Question 4

mere-exposure effect

Answer 4

old stimuli are preferred over new stimuli, because on some level the old stimuli are remembered and known

Question 5

priming

Answer 5

exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a later stimulus

Question 6

blind sight

Answer 6

some blind people can respond to visual stimuli because on some level of consciousness is able to “see”

Question 7

conscious

Answer 7

the information about yourself and your environment you are currently aware of

Question 8

nonconscious

Answer 8

body processes controlled by your mind that we are not usually aware of

Question 9

preconscious

Answer 9

information abut yourself or your environment that you are not currently thinking about, but could be

Question 10

subconscious

Answer 10

information that we are not consciously aware of but we know must exist due to behavior like priming and mere-exposure

Question 11

unconscious

Answer 11

psychoanalyst idea– some unacceptable events and feelings are repressed from conscious mind to unconscious

Question 12

circadian rhythm

Answer 12

a daily cycle of activity observed in many living organisms

Question 13

sleep onset

Answer 13

the stage between wakefulness and sleep

Question 14

alpha waves

Answer 14

relatively high-frequency, low amplitude waves produced while awake and in stages 1 and 2

Question 15

sleep spindles

Answer 15

short bursts of rapid brain waves that start to appear in stage 2 sleep

Question 16

delta sleep/slow-wave sleep

Answer 16

stages 3 and 4’s other names due to the delta waves that exist during these stages

Question 17

rapid eye movement (REM) (paradoxical sleep)

Answer 17

period of intense brain activity, eyes dart back and forth, many muscles twitch repeatedly, dreams

Question 18

REM rebound

Answer 18

individuals deprived of REM sleep will experience more and longer periods of REM sleep the next time they are allowed to sleep normally

Question 19

insomnia

Answer 19

problems getting to sleep/staying asleep at night

Question 20

treatment of insomnia

Answer 20

treated with changes of behavior:

Question 21

narcolepsy

Answer 21

periods of intense sleepiness and falling asleep at unpredictable and inappropriate times

Question 22

treatment of narcolepsy

Answer 22

treated with medication and changing sleep patterns (naps at certain times of the day)

Question 23

sleep apnea

Answer 23

when a person stops breathing for short periods of time during the night

Question 24

night terrors

Answer 24

feelings of terror or dread usually affecting children

Question 25

somnambulism

Answer 25

sleep walking usually occurring in children

Question 26

manifest content

Answer 26

literal content of dreams

Question 27

latent content

Answer 27

the unconscious meaning of the manifest content

Question 28

protected sleep

Answer 28

ego protects us from unconscious by representing everything in symbols

Question 29

activation-synthesis theory

Answer 29

dreams are interpretations of physiological things and have no meaning

Question 30

information-processing theory

Answer 30

more stress causes more dreams about your stress

Question 31

posthypnotic amnesia

Answer 31

people forget events that occurred during hypnosis

Question 32

posthypnotic suggestion

Answer 32

a suggestion that a hypnotized person have a certain way after hypnosis

Question 33

role theory

Answer 33

hypnosis is not an alternate state of consciousness; hypnotized people are just filling out the "role" of a hypnotized person

Question 34

hypnotic suggestibility

Answer 34

some people are more easily hypnotized than others

Question 35

state theory

Answer 35

theory that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness

Question 36

dissociation theory

Answer 36

created by Ernest Hilgard

Question 37

Ernest Hilgard

Answer 37

dissociation theory

Question 38

psychoactive drugs

Answer 38

chemicals that change the chemistry of the brain and induce an altered state of consciousness

Question 39

blood-brain barrier

Answer 39

thick walls surrounding the brain's blood vessels that protect the brain from harmful chemicals

Question 40

agonist

Answer 40

drugs that mimic neurotransmitters

Question 41

antagonists

Answer 41

drugs that block neurotransmitters

Question 42

tolerance

Answer 42

a physiological change that produces a need for more of the same drug in order to achieve the same effect

Question 43

reverse tolerance

Answer 43

the first dose lingers in the body and enhances the effect of the second dose although it may be smaller

Question 44

depressants

Answer 44

drugs that slow down body processes

Question 45

effects of alcohol

Answer 45

slowed down reactions and judgment, impaired motor coordination

Question 46

stimulants

Answer 46

drugs that speed up body processes

Question 47

examples of stimulants

Answer 47

caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines and nicotine

Question 48

side effects of stimulants

Answer 48

disturbed sleep, reduced appetite, increased anxiety, heart problems

Question 49

hallucinogens/psychedelics

Answer 49

drugs that cause changes in perceptions of reality, including sensory hallucinations, loss of identity, and vivid fantasies

Question 50

examples of hallucinogens/psychedelics

Answer 50

LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms, marajuana

Question 51

opiates

Answer 51

drugs that act as agonists for endorphins and reduce pain and elevate mood

Question 52

examples of opiates

Answer 52

morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine

Question 53

side effects of opiates

Answer 53

drowsiness, euphoria, physically addictive because they change brain chemistry quickly

Question 54

frontal lobes

Answer 54

part of the cerebral cortex

Question 55

Broca's area

Answer 55

in the frontal lobe

Question 56

motor cortex

Answer 56

in the frontal lobe

Question 57

parietal lobes

Answer 57

contains sensory cortex (somato-sensory cortex)

Question 58

sensory cortex (somato-sensory cortex)

Answer 58

receives incoming touch sensations from the rest of the body

Question 59

occipital lobes

Answer 59

at the very back of the brain

Question 60

temporal lobes

Answer 60

unlike occipital lobes, sound from either ear is processed in both temporal lobes

Question 61

Wernicke's area

Answer 61

located in temporal lobe

Question 62

brain plasticity

Answer 62

the ability of other parts of the brain to take over functions of damaged regions. Declines as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralize.

Question 63

adrenal glands

Answer 63

produce adrenaline, which causes rest of body to go into fight or flight mode

Question 64

Thomas Bouchard

Answer 64

conducted study on identical twins that found a correlation of 0.69 on IQ, criticized because their similar appearances may have led to their being treated similarly

Question 65

Turner's syndrome

Answer 65

only one X chromosome in the 23rd pair

Question 66

Klinefelter's syndrome

Answer 66

extra X chromosome

Question 67

Down's syndrome

Answer 67

extra chromosome on the 21st pair