Flashcards in Learning Deck (102):
1
Learning
long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience
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Classical conditioning
type of learning where people and animals can learn to associate neutral stimuli (ex: sound) with stimuli that produce reflexive, involuntary responses (ex: food) and will learn to respond similarly to the new stimulus as they did to the old one (ex: salivate).
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Neutral stimuli
stimuli that only focuses attention
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Unconditioned stimulus/US/UCS
original stimulus that elicits a natural, reflexive response
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Unconditioned response/UR/UCR
the natural response elicited from the unconditioned stimulus
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Conditioned response/CR
the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
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Conditioned stimulus/CS
the originally irrelevant stimulus that now triggers a conditioned response after association with an unconditioned stimulus
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Acquisition
the acquiring of a new behavior that occurs once one responds to the CS without the US present
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Delayed conditioning
acquisition with the presentation of the CS followed by the US
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Trace conditioning
acquisition with the presentation of the CS, followed by a short break, followed by the presentation of the US
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Simultaneous conditioning
acquisition with the presentation of the CS and the US at the same time
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Backward conditioning
acquisition with the US presented first, followed by the CS
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Extinction
the process of unlearning a behavior, achieved when the CS no longer elicits the CR
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Spontaneous recovery
phenomenon where the CR briefly reappears upon presentation of the CS after a CR has been extinguished and no further training has taken place
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Generalization
the tendency to respond to similar CS'
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Discrimination
the ability to tell the difference between various stimuli
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Aversive conditioning
conditioning to avoid the US
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Second-order/Higher-order conditioning
the brief use of a CS as a US to elicit a new stimulus (only possible once a CS elicits a CR)
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Learned taste aversions
the aversion developed to certain foods due to illness after ingestion
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Salient stimuli
easily noticeable stimuli
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Garcia effect
the ease with which animals learn taste aversions that occurs whenever nausea is paired with food or drink
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Operant conditioning
type of learning based on the association of consequences with behaviors
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Law of Effect
law that states that if consequences to a behavior are pleasant, the stimulus-response connection will be strengthened, increasing the likelihood of that behavior; if consequences to a behavior are unpleasant, the stimulus-response connection will weaken, lessening the likelihood of that behavior
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Skinner Box
a box that delivers food to animals with a lever to press or disk to peck
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Reinforcer
any event that makes the behavior more likely to occur
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Reinforcement
the process of reinforcing a behavior
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Positive reinforcement
the addition of something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring
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Negative reinforcement
the removal of something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring
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Escape learning
the termination of an aversive stimulus
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Avoidance learning
the avoidance of an aversive stimulus
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Punishment
anything that makes a behavior less likely to occur
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Positive punishment (usually referred to as punishment)
the addition of something unpleasant to make a behavior less likely to occur
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Omission training/negative punishment
the removal of something pleasant to make a behavior less likely to occur
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Shaping
technique that reinforces the small steps used to reach the desired behavior
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Chaining
technique that links together separate behaviors into a complex activity
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Primary reinforcers
reinforcers that are rewarding
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Secondary reinforcers
reinforcers that we value
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Token economy
system that uses tokens as rewards for performing desired behaviors
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Premack principle
principle that states that more probable behaviors can be used to reinforce less probable behaviors
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Continuous reinforcement
the reward of a desired behavior continuously
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Partial-reinforcement schedules
the reward of a desired behavior intermittently
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Partial-reinforcement effect
the phenomenon where behaviors will be more resistant to extinction if not reinforced continuously
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Fixed-ratio schedule (FR)
schedule that requires a set number of responses before a response results in reinforcement
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Variable-ratio schedule (VR)
schedule that varies the number of responses before a response results in reinforcement
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Fixed-interval schedule (FI)
schedule that requires that a certain amount of time elapses before a response will result in reinforcement
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Variable-interval schedule (VI)
schedule that varies the amount of time that elapses before a response will result in reinforcement
47
Instinctive drift
the tendency for animals to forgo rewards to pursue their typical patterns of behavior
48
Cognitive learning
type of learning that depends on processes not directly observable that argues conditioning has a cognitive component
49
Contiguity model (V1)
the Pavlovian model that postulates that the more times things are paired, the greater the learning that will take place
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Contingency model (V2)
model that postulates that A is contingent upon B when A depends on B and vice versa
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Observational learning/modeling
type of learning that occurs through the observation of a behavior
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Latent learning
type of learning that becomes obvious only once reinforcement is given for demonstrating it
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Abstract learning
type of learning that involves understanding concepts rather than learning simply to secure a reward
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Insight learning
type of learning that occurs when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem
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token economy
behavioral therapy
56
modeling
behavioral therapy
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attributional style
a person's characteristic way of explaining outcomes of events in his or her life
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT or RET)
Cognitive behavioral therapy developed by Albert Ellis. Therapists look to expose and confront the dysfunctional thoughts of their clients.
59
cognitive therapy
developed by Aaron Beck, usually used in treatment of depression, involves trying to get clients to engage in pursuits that will bring them success
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cognitive triad
theorized by Aaron Beck
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family therapy
a type of group therapy used to treat families
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self-help groups
a type of group therapy that does not involve a therapist
63
psychopharmacology/chemotherapy
the use of drugs to treat psychological problems
64
antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics)
block the receptor sites for dopamine, used to treat schizophrenia, may result in tardive dyskinesia
65
tardive dyskinesia
Parkinsonian-like, chronic muscle tremors
66
drugs used to treat unipolar depression
tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor drugs (Prozac) which all tend to increase the activity of serotonin
67
lithium
a metal used to trea the manic phase of bipolar disorder
68
drugs used to treat anxiety disorders
barbiturates (Miltown) and benzodiazepines (Xanax and Valium)
69
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
when an electric current is passed through one (unilateral ECT) or both (bilateral ECT) hemispheres of the brain
70
psychosurgery
the purposeful destruction of part of the brain to alter a person's behavior
71
prefrontal lobotomy
a type of psychosurgery
72
psychiatrists
medical doctors and are the only therapists permitted to prescribe medication
73
clinical psychologists
psychologists with a Ph. D. and specialize in research, assessment, and therapy
74
counseling psychologists
psychologists with a graduate degree in psychology and treat less severe problems than clinical psychologists do
75
psychoanalysts
people trained specifically in Freudian methods who may or may not hold medical degrees
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paraphilia
the sexual attraction to an object, person, or activity not usually seen as sexual
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fetishism
paraphilia
78
pedophilia
paraphilia
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zoophilia
paraphilia
80
voyeur
paraphilia
81
masochist
paraphilia
82
sadist
paraphilia
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antisocial personality disorder
little regard for other people's feelings
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dependent personality disorder
rely too much on the attention and help of others
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paranoid personality disorder
feel persecuted
86
narcissistic personality disorder
seeing oneself as the center of the universe
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histronic personality disorder
overly dramatic behavior
88
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors, but not to the point of obsessive compulsive disorder
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anorexia nervosa
eating disorder
90
bulimia
eating disorder
91
substance use disorder
regular and negative use of alcohol or other drugs that alter behavior
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substance dependence
addiction
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autism
developmental disorder
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attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
developmental disorder
95
Rosenhan Study
study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally and still were not labeled as impostors.
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preconventional
reasoning limited to how things affect themselves
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conventional
choice based on how others will view them
98
postconventional
examines rights and values involved in choice
99
Criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg
Carol Gilligan noted that his research was based on boys, her research showed that boys and girls had different moral attitudes, but was later disproved
100
biopsychological (neuropsychological) theory of gender development
studies demonstrate that biological differences do exist between the sexes
101
psychodynamic theory of gender development
gender development is a competition for your opposite sex parent, when you realize you can't win, you imitate your same-sex parent
102