Flashcards in Learning Deck (102)
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Learning
long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience
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Classical conditioning
type of learning where people and animals can learn to associate neutral stimuli (ex: sound) with stimuli that produce reflexive, involuntary responses (ex: food) and will learn to respond similarly to the new stimulus as they did to the old one (ex: salivate).
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Neutral stimuli
stimuli that only focuses attention
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Unconditioned stimulus/US/UCS
original stimulus that elicits a natural, reflexive response
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Unconditioned response/UR/UCR
the natural response elicited from the unconditioned stimulus
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Conditioned response/CR
the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
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Conditioned stimulus/CS
the originally irrelevant stimulus that now triggers a conditioned response after association with an unconditioned stimulus
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Acquisition
the acquiring of a new behavior that occurs once one responds to the CS without the US present
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Delayed conditioning
acquisition with the presentation of the CS followed by the US
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Trace conditioning
acquisition with the presentation of the CS, followed by a short break, followed by the presentation of the US
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Simultaneous conditioning
acquisition with the presentation of the CS and the US at the same time
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Backward conditioning
acquisition with the US presented first, followed by the CS
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Extinction
the process of unlearning a behavior, achieved when the CS no longer elicits the CR
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Spontaneous recovery
phenomenon where the CR briefly reappears upon presentation of the CS after a CR has been extinguished and no further training has taken place
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Generalization
the tendency to respond to similar CS'
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Discrimination
the ability to tell the difference between various stimuli
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Aversive conditioning
conditioning to avoid the US
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Second-order/Higher-order conditioning
the brief use of a CS as a US to elicit a new stimulus (only possible once a CS elicits a CR)
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Learned taste aversions
the aversion developed to certain foods due to illness after ingestion
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Salient stimuli
easily noticeable stimuli
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Garcia effect
the ease with which animals learn taste aversions that occurs whenever nausea is paired with food or drink
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Operant conditioning
type of learning based on the association of consequences with behaviors
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Law of Effect
law that states that if consequences to a behavior are pleasant, the stimulus-response connection will be strengthened, increasing the likelihood of that behavior; if consequences to a behavior are unpleasant, the stimulus-response connection will weaken, lessening the likelihood of that behavior
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Skinner Box
a box that delivers food to animals with a lever to press or disk to peck
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Reinforcer
any event that makes the behavior more likely to occur
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Reinforcement
the process of reinforcing a behavior
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Positive reinforcement
the addition of something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring
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Negative reinforcement
the removal of something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring
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Escape learning
the termination of an aversive stimulus
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