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A&P 2 > ch. 18 > Flashcards

ch. 18 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

intro

circulatory system

A

consists of
heart
blood vessels
blood

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2
Q

intro

cardiovascular system

A

refers only to the heart and blood vessels

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3
Q

intro

hematology

A

study of blood

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4
Q

purposes of blood circulation

circulatory system functions

A

fundamental purpose is to transport substances
* blood is the liquid transport medium
* blood vessels ensure the proper routing of blood
* heart is the pump that keeps blood flowing

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5
Q

purposes of blood circulation

specific functions of circulatory system

A

transport
protection
regulation

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6
Q

specific functions of blood

transport

A

carry
* O2
* CO2
* nutrients
* wastes
* hormones
* stem cells

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7
Q

specific functions of blood

protection

A
  • inflammation
  • limit spread of infection
  • destroy miccorganisms
  • cancer cells
  • neutralize toxins
  • initiate clotting
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8
Q

specific functions of blood

regualtion

A
  • fluid balance
  • stabilizes pH of ECF
  • temp control
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9
Q

components and general properties of blood

blood is a liquid connective tissue consisting of

A

cells and extrcellular matrix

plasma and formed elements

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10
Q

components and general properties of blood

plasma

A

matrix of blood
clear, light yellow fluid

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11
Q

components and general properties of blood

formed elements

A

cells and cell fragments
* erthryocytes
* platelets
* leukocytes

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12
Q

formed elements

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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13
Q

formed elements

platelets

A

fragments of certain bone marrow cells

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14
Q

formed elements

leukocytes

A

3 types of granulocytes
* neutrophils
* eosinophils
* basophils
2 types as agranulocytes
* lymphocytes
* monocytes

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15
Q

components and general properties of blood

adults have how many liters of blood

A

4-6

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16
Q

components and general properties of blood

blood fractionation

A

seperation of blood into basic components; based on centrifugation and coagulation

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17
Q

components and general properties of blood

RBCs are

A

heaviest and settle first

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18
Q

components and general properties of blood

hematocrit

A

(packet cell value)
total volume of whole blood that is RBCs
typically 37%-52%

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19
Q

components and general properties of blood

WBCs and platelets

A

narrow cream-colored zone (buffy coat)
less than 1% or less of total volume

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20
Q

components and general properties of blood

plasma is at top of tube

A

47%-63% of blood volume
blood serum: plasma without the clotting proteins (mainly fibrin)

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21
Q

blood plasma

plasma is the liquid portion of blood

A
  • complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, gases
  • plasma proteins are most abundant solute by weight
  • 3 major protein categories: albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
  • liver produces all of the major proteins except gamma globulins, produces by plasma cells
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22
Q

blood plasma

the principal plasma proteins

Study These Flashcards
A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

23
Q

blood plasma

albumin

Study These Flashcards
A

smallest and most abundant
* transport of solutes, buffer plasma pH
* contribute significantly to viscosity and osmotic pressure

24
Q

blood plasma

globulins

Study These Flashcards
A
  • 3 subclasses: alpha, beta, gamma globulins
  • roles in solute transport, clotting, immunity
25
# blood plasma fibrinogen
soluble precursor of fibrin a sticky protein that forms framework of a blood clot
26
# blood plasma additional components of plasma
* nitrogenous wastes * nutrients * dissolved O2, CO2, nitrogen * electrolytes
27
# blood plasma: additional components of plasma nitrogenous wastes
toxic end products of catabolism
28
# blood plasma: additional components of plasma: nutriogenous wastes urea
product of amino acid catabolism most abundant nitrogenous wast, normally removed by kidney
29
# blood plasma: additional components of plasma nutrients
glucose amino acids fats cholesterol phospholipids vitamins minerals
30
# blood plasma: additional components of plasma electrolytes
Na+ makes up 90% of plasma cations
31
# blood viscosity and osmolarity the formed elements and plasma composition give rise to
the viscosity and osmolarity of blood
32
# blood viscosity and osmolarity viscosity definition
resistance of a fluid to flow (it's "thickness" or "stickiness")
33
# blood viscosity and osmolarity viscosity
* results from the cohesion of particles * important in circulatory function because it affects flow of blood through vessels * whole blood 4.5-5.5 times as viscous as water * plasma is 2.0 times as viscous as water * RBCs and albumin are major contributors to blood viscosity
34
# blood viscosity and osmolarity osmolarity definition
total concentration of solute particles
35
# blood viscosity and osmolarity osmolarity
* optimum osmolarity is acheived by the body's regulation of sodium ions, proteins, and RBCs * if too high, blood absorbs too much water, increasing the blood pressure * if too low, too much water stays in tissue, blood pressure drops, and edema occurs * colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
36
# blood viscosity and osmolarity colloid osmotic pressure (COP) definition
contribution of protein on blood osmotic pressure; plays imprtnat role in water balance
37
# starvation and plasma protein deficiency hypoproteinemia
deficiency of plasma proteins * blood loses more fluid to the tissues than is absorbs by osmosis * tissues swell, pool of fluid in abdomen may accumulate--ascites
38
# starvation and plasma protein deficiency hypoproteinemia causes
extreme starvation liver or kidney disease severe burns
39
# starvation and plasma protein deficiency kwashiorkor
children with severe protein deficiency * fed on rice, cereals once no longer breast-fed, leads to protein deficiency in diet * thin arms and legs, swollen abdomen
40
# how blood is produced the components blood are continually
replaced
41
# how blood is produced hematopoiesis
production of blood especially its formed elements
42
# how blood is produced hematopoietic tissues produce
blood cells
43
# how blood is produced: hematopoietic tissues
* yolk sac produces stem cells for first blood cells * colonize fetal bone marrow, liver, spleen, thymus * liver stops producing blood cells at birth, spleen remains involved with lymphocyte production for life * lymphoid hematopoiesis * myeloid hemtaopoiesis
44
# how blood is produced lymphoid hematopoiesis
blood formation in the lymphoid organs beyond infancy this only involves lymphocytes
45
# how blood is produced myeloid hematopoiesis
blood formation in the red bone marrow
46
# how blood is produced hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) definition
multipotent stem cells in bone marrow
47
# how blood is produced hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
* give rise to all formed elements * maintains small, persistant population in bone marrow * some go on to become more specialized colony-forming units (CFUs) * each CFU destined to produce specific class of formed elements * plasma also replaced
48
# how blood is produced plasma also replaced
* absorption of water, nutrients, electrolytes from digestive tract * plasma proteins from liver, except gamma globins produces by plasma cells
49
# erythrocytes erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs)
are involved in gas transport * carry oxygen from lungs to tissues * carry CO2 from tissues to lungs * severe deficiency of RBCs can be fatal within minutes
50
# erythrocyte form and function strucure of an RBC
* discoid cells with a biconcave shape--a thick rim and thin sunken center * 7.5 diameter and 2.0 thick at rim * lose nearly all organelles during development lack mitochondria anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP lack nucleus and DNA no protein synthesis or mitosis
51
# erythrocyte form and function: structure of an RBC 33% of RBC cytoplasm is
hemoglobin * 280 million hemoglobin molecules in one RBC * is the red pigment that gives RBCs their color and name * functions in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport and buffering of blood pH
52
# erythrocyte form and function: structure of an RBC carbonic anhydrase (CAH) is also in
RBC cytoplasm * produces carbonic acid from CO2 and water * imporant role in gas transport and pH balance
53
# erythrocyte of an RBC glycolipids on outer membrane surface of
mature RBC * determines a person's blood type
54
# erythrocyte of an RBC inner membrane surface has cytoskeletal proteins
spectrin and actin * provide membrane resilience, durability * helps RBCs stretch, bend, fold as squezed through small capillaries

A&P 2 (55 decks)

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