nasal cavities nasal fossae nasal septa nasal vestibules nasal apertures

Ch 22 Test Review Flashcards by Janet Garcia

Functions of the Respiratory System

Gas exchange

O2 and CO2 exchanged between blood and air

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Functions of the Respiratory System

Communication

Speech and other vocalizations

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Functions of the Respiratory System

Olfaction

Sense of smell

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Functions of the Respiratory System

Acid-base balance

Influences pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2

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Functions of the Respiratory System

Blood pressure regulation

Assists with synthesis of angiotensin II, a hormone that regulates blood pressure

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Functions of the Respiratory System

Blood and lymph flow

Breathing creates pressure gradients between thorax and abdomen that promote flow of lymph and blood

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Functions of the Respiratory System

Platelet production

More than 1/2 of platelets are made by megakaryocytes in lungs

NOT IN BONE MARROW

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Functions of the Respiratory System

Blood filtration

Lungs filter small clots

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Functions of the Respiratory System

Expulsion of abdominal contents

Breath-holding assists in urination, defecation, childbirth

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If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through?

Nares →
Vestibule →
Nasal Cavity →
Nasopharynx →
Oropharynx →
Laryngopharynx →
Larynx →
Trachea →
Primary Bronchus →
Secondary Bronchus →
Tertiary Bronchus →
Bronchiole →
Terminal Bronchiole →
Respiratory Bronchiole →
Alveolar Duct →
Alveolar Sac →
Alveolus

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Upper respiratory tract

Nose to larynx

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Lower respiratory tract

Trachea to lungs

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Nose

nasal cavities
nasal fossae
nasal septa
nasal vestibules
nasal apertures

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Cells of the respiratory system

Mucosal cells, Type I alveolar cells, type II alveolar cells, Dust cells, Vibrissal cells

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Alveolar duct vs alveolar atrium

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Cartilages of the nose

lateral cartilages, septal nasal cartilage, minor alar cartilages, major alar cartilages,

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Cartilages of the trachea

epiglottic cartilage, thyroid cartilage, corneculate cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, tracheal cartilage

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Division of lower respiratory tract from small to large

Segmental bronchi, lobar bronchi, main bronchi, carina, trachea, larynx

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Larynx

thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

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Which main bronchus is shorter and what is the size of both main bronchus

Right main bronchus
* shorter
* 2-3 cm

Left main bronchus
* longer
* 5 cm

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Bronchioles

respiratory bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, bronchioles

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Cardiac impression

indentation on the medial surface of the left lung where the heart presses against the lung

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Cardiac notch

visible part of the cardiac impression like a crescent shaped dent in the margin of the lung

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Lungs structure

Apex of lung, superior lobe, superior lobar bronchus, middle lobe, middle lobar bronchus, inferior lobe, inferior lobar bronchus, oblique fissure, horizontal fissure, hilum, pulmonary ligament, diaphragmatic surface,

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# laws Dalton’s Law

The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of partial pressures of its individual ages

# laws Henry’s Law

At the air water interface the amount of the gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in the air. (assuming a constant temperature).

# laws Valsalva’s Law

# laws Charles’s Law

The volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (Assuming a constant pressure) CV

# laws Boyle’s Law

The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume, assuming a constant temperature. BP

Resistance to pulmonary airflow is mostly determined by the

Diameter of the bronchioles

Pulmonary compliance

Ease or difficulty which expansion of lungs can happen Change in lung volume relative to a given pressure change

Sources of resistance to airflow and discuss relevance to respiration

Pulmonary ventilation

Refers to movement of air in and out of the lungs

Pulmonary stenosis

(also called pulmonic stenosis) is when the pulmonary valve (the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) is too small, narrow, or stiff

Pulmonary surfactant

Pulmonary impedance

Tidal volume

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of breathing 500 mL

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with max effort 3,000 mL

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort 1,200 mL

Residual volume

Air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration 1,300 mL

Kussmaul respiration

Deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis

Orthopnea

Dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down

Respiratory arrest

Permanent cessation of breathing

Tachypnea

Accelerated respiration

Carbon dioxide is transported in 3 forms

* 90% of the C O2 is hydrated (reacts with water) to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions: * 5% of C O2 binds to the amino groups of plasma proteins and hemoglobin to form carbamino compounds * Primarily forms carbaminohemoglobin (HbC O2) * Carbon dioxide does not compete with oxygen—bind to different moieties on hemoglobin, so both can be transported simultaneously. CO2 binds to the globin. * 5% of C O2 is carried as a dissolved gas

Valsalva maneuver

Breathing technique used to help expel contents of certain abdominal organs

Valsalva maneuver is explained as

* glottis closes to prevent exhalation * abdominal muscles contracts * intra abdominal pressure rises * helps to empty rectum or stabilize trunk during heavy lifting

Explain how anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle directly increases respiratory rate

Gas exchange can be

Fast or slow It’s slower in alveoli

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

Illustrates relationship between hemoglobin saturation and ambient PO2

Some pH disturbances are linked to

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood

Hypocapnia

PCO2 less than 37 mm Hg (normal is 37-43 mm Hg) Most common cause of alkalosis

Hypercapnia

PCO2 greater than 43 mm Hg; most common cause of acidosis

Eupnea

Relaxed quiet breathing Tidal volume 500 mL Respiratory rate of 12-15 bpm

Apnea

Temporary cessation of breathing

Dyspnea

Labored, gasping breathing, shortness of breath

Hypernea

Increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, or other conditions

Hyperventilation

increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand

hypoventilation

reduced pulmonary ventilation leading to an increase in blood CO2

only air that enters alveoli is available for

gas exchange but not all inhaled air gets there * about 150 mL fills the conducting zone of the airway * called anatomical dead space because there is no gas exchange

decompression sickness

scuba divers

sickle-cell disease

red blood cells become hard and sticky and look like a C-shaped form tool; anemia

mucociliary escalator

mechanism for debris removal

hypoventilation

reduced pulmonary ventilation leading to an increase in blood CO2

hyperventilation

increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand

hyperpnea

increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, or other conditions

dyspnea

labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath

apnea

temporary cessation of breathing