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A&P 2 > ch. 19: circulatory system THE HEART > Flashcards

ch. 19: circulatory system THE HEART Flashcards

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1
Q

overview of the cardiovascular system

cardiology

A

study of the heart and its disorders

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2
Q

overview of the cardiovascular system

cardiovascular system

A

consists of heart and blood vessels

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3
Q

overview of the cardiovascular system

heart is a pump that keeps blood

A

flowing through the vessels

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4
Q

overview of the cardiovascular system

vessels deliver blood to

A

body tissues and returns it to the heart

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5
Q

overview of the cardiovascular system

arteries

A

all vessels that carry blood AWAY from heart

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6
Q

overview of the cardiovascular system

veins

A

all vessels that carry blood TOWARD heart

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7
Q

overview of the cardiovascular system

capillaries

A

microscopic vessels that connect the smallest arteries to the smallest vessels

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8
Q

overview of the cardiovascular system

circulatory system

A

refers to heart
vessels blood

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9
Q

pulmonary and systemic circuits

pulmonary circuit

A

carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to heart

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10
Q

pulmonary and systemic circuits

systemic circuit

A

supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart

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11
Q

pulmonary and systemic circuits

cardiovascular system has 2 major divisions

A

pulmonary and systemic circuits

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12
Q

pulmonary and systemic circuits

right side of heart supplies the pulmonary circuit

A
  • oxyen POOR blood arrives from body tissues

blood sent to
alveoli of lungs
via pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
picks up oxygen
returns to heart via pulmonary veins

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13
Q

pulmonary and systemic circuits

left side of heart supplies systemic circuit

A
  • fully oxygenated blood sent to body tissues via aorta which branches into smaller vessels
  • blood releases oxygen at the tissues; deoxygenated blood returns to heart via superior vena cava and inferior cava
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14
Q

the major arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart are called the

A

great vessels

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15
Q

position, size, and shape of the heart

heart located in mediastinum

A

space between lungs

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16
Q

position, size, and shape of the heart

base

A

wide
superior portion of heart
large vessels attach here

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17
Q

position, size, and shape of the heart

apex

A

tapered inferior end
tilts to the left

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18
Q

position, size, and shape of the heart

size of heart in adult

A

weighs 10 oz
3.5 in wide at base
5 in from base to apex

at any age heart is size of fist

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19
Q

pericardium

heart enclosed by

A

pericardium
a double walled sac

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20
Q

pericardium

allows heart to beat without

A

friction
provides room to expand
yet resists excessive expansion

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21
Q

pericardium

anchored to diaphragm

A

inferiorly and sternum anteriorly

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22
Q

structure of pericardium

fibrous pericardium

A

outermost layer
tough, fibrous sac

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23
Q

structure of pericardium

serous pericardium

A

parietal layer : lines fibrous pericardium
visceral layer : (epicardium) adheres to heart surface and outermost layer of heart itself

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24
Q

structure of pericardium

pericardial layer

A
  • space between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium
  • filled with 5 to 30 mL of pericardial fluid
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25
# structure of pericardium pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium may result in friction rub
26
# the heart wall the heart wall has 3 layers
* epicardium * myocardium * endocardium
27
# the heart wall epicardium
* visceral layer of serous pericardium * serous membrane covering heart * adipose in thick layer in some places * coronary blood vessels travel through this layer
28
# the heart wall endocardium
* smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels * covers the valve surfaces and is continous with endothelium of blood vessels
29
# the heart wall myocardium
* layer of cardiac muscle, thickness is proportional to workload * muscle spirals around heart called the **vortex of the heart** arrangement produces wringing motion during contraction
30
# the heart wall fibrous skeleton
* framework of collagenous and elastic fibers * provides structural support & attachment for cardiac muscle and anchor for valve tissue (fibrous rings) * electrical insulation between atria and ventricles; important in timing and coordination of contractile activity
31
# the chambers the heart has 4 chambers
2 atria 2 ventricles
32
# the chambers right and left atria
* 2 superior chambers that receive blood returning to the heart; seperated from each other by **interventricular septum** * each has an associated **auricle**-- an earlike flap that increases the chamber volume * right atrium and both auricles contains **pectinate muscles**--internal ridges of myocardium * thin, flaccid walls; pump blood to the ventricles
33
# the chambers right and left ventricles
* 2 inferior chambers that eject blood into the arteries; seperated from each other by **interventricular septum** * left ventricle wall is 2-4X thicker than right ventricle, which reflects its greater workload in pumping blood to the entire body (vs to the lungs) * both ventricles contain **trabecular carnae**-- internal muscular ridges; help chambers expand and refill more easily
34
# chambers of the heart external features
* boundaries marked by sulci (grooves) filled with fat and coronary vessels * **cornonary sulcus**-- seperates atria above from ventricles below; encircles heart near base * **anterior and posterior interventricular sulci**--seperate left and right ventricles; overlie the interventricular septum and extend obliquely down heart, from base to apex
35
# valves vale ensure one-way flow of blood through
heart
36
# valves each valve has 2 or 3 fibrous flaps
cusps or leaflets
37
# valves atrioventricular (AV) valves
control blood flow between atria and ventricles
38
# atriventricular valve right AV (tricuspid) valve
usually has 3 cusps
39
# atriventricular valve left AV valve (mitral valve)
usually has 2 cusps
40
# atriventricular valve tendinoud cords (chordae tendineae)
strings of connective tissue that attach valve cusps to **papillary muscles** on floor of ventricle * prevent AV valves from flipping or bulging into atria when ventricles contract
41
# heart valves semilunar valves
conrol flow from ventricles into great arteries
42
# semilunar valves pulmonary valve
controls the opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
43
# semilunar valves aortic valve
controls the opening between left ventricle and aorta
44
# semilunar valves each has 3 cusps shaped like shirt pockets
* during ventricular contraction and blood ejection, cusps pressed up against arterial walls * when ventricules relax blood flows back toward ventricles and fills cusps causing valves to close
45
# Blood Flow Through the Chambers Pathway of blood from right atrium, through body, and back to the starting point
1. Blood enters right atrium from superior and inferior venae cavae. 2. Blood in right atrium flows through right AV valve into right ventricle. 3. Contraction of right ventricle forces pulmonary valve open. 4. Blood flows through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk 5. Blood is distributed by right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where it unloads carbon dioxide and loads oxygen. 6. Blood returns from lungs via pulmonary veins to left atrium. 7. Blood in left atrium flows through left AV valve into left ventricle. 8. Contraction of left ventricle (simultaneous with step 3) forces aortic valve open. 9. Blood flows through aortic valve into ascending aorta. 10. Blood in aorta is distributed to every organ in the body, where it unloads oxygen and loads carbon dioxide. 11. Blood returns to right atrium via venae cavae.
46
# The Coronary Circulation Heart has its own supply of vessels to deliver blood to myocardium
coronary circulation
47
# 19.2e The Coronary Circulation Left coronary artery (LCA)
branches off ascending aorta
48
# Left coronary artery (LCA) Anterior interventricular branch
[left anterior descending (LAD) branch] * Supplies blood to both ventricles and anterior two-thirds of the interventricular septum
49
# Left coronary artery (LCA) Circumflex branch
* Passes around left side of heart in coronary sulcus * Gives off left marginal branch and then ends on the posterior side of the heart * Supplies left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle
50
# Right coronary artery (RCA) Right marginal branch
Supplies lateral aspect of right atrium and ventricle
51
# Right coronary artery (RCA) Posterior interventricular branch
Supplies blood to posterior walls of both ventricles and interventricular septum
52
# The Coronary Circulation Flow through coronary arteries is greatest when heart relaxes
* During ventricular contraction: coronary arteries compressed, open aortic valve blocks blood flow into them * During ventricular relaxation: blood in the aorta surges back toward the heart and into the openings of the coronary arteries
53
# Angina and Heart Attack Angina pectoris
chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow * Pain caused by ischemia of cardiac muscle * Obstruction partially blocks blood flow; myocardium shifts to anaerobic fermentation, producing lactate and thus stimulating pain
54
# Angina and Heart Attack Myocardial infarction (MI)
sudden death of a patch of myocardium resulting from long-term obstruction of coronary circulation * Atheroma (blood clot or fatty deposit) often obstructs coronary arteries; cardiac muscle downstream of the blockage dies * Heavy pressure or squeezing pain radiating into the left arm * Some painless heart attacks may disrupt electrical conduction pathways, leading to fibrillation and cardiac arrest
55
# Venous drainage Venous drainage
route by which blood leaves an organ * 5% to 10% of coronary blood drains directly into heart chambers (mostly right ventricle) by way of the small cardiac veins;
56
# Venous drainage most coronary blood returns to right atrium by:
* The great cardiac vein—blood from anterior aspect of heart * Posterior interventricular (middle cardiac) vein—blood from posterior aspect of heart * Left marginal vein—travels from apex up left margin of heart * Coronary sinus—transverse vein in coronary sulcus on posterior heart; receives blood from veins listed above, empties into right atrium
57
# Cardiac Muscle and the Cardia Conduction System Heartbeat is myogenic
signal originates in the heart itself
58
# Structure of intercalated discs:
Mechanical junctions: Interdigitating folds Electrical junctions
59
# Structure of intercalated discs: Mechanical junctions:
* Fascia adherens—broad band in which the actin of the thin myofilaments is anchored to the plasma membrane; cells linked by transmembrane proteins * Desmosomes—mechanical linkages that prevent contracting cardiomyocytes from being pulled apart from each other
60
# 19.3b Metabolism of Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle depends almost exclusively on aerobic respiration to make ATP
* Rich in myoglobin and glycogen * Huge mitochondria: fill 25% of cell * Fatigue resistant because it makes little use of anaerobic fermentation or oxygen debt mechanisms; does not fatigue for a lifetime
61
# 19.3b Metabolism of Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle is adaptable to different organic fuels
* Fatty acids (60%); glucose (35%); ketones, lactate, and amino acids (5%) * More vulnerable to oxygen deficiency than lack of a specific fuel
62
# 19.3c The Conduction System cardiac conduction system
coordinates the heartbeat; consists of an internal pacemaker and nerve-like conduction pathways through myocardium
63
# Electrical and Contractile Activity of the Heart The heart cycles through contraction and relaxation
* Contraction is called systole * Relaxation is called diastole * These terms can refer to contraction and relaxation of either type of chamber, they usually refer to the action of the ventricles

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