ch 25 and 26 test review Flashcards
(58 cards)
1
Q
spleen is NOT involved in
A
digestion
2
Q
gallbladder Is involved in
A
digestion
3
Q
cecum is the beginning of the
A
large intestine
4
Q
what is voluntary of the digestive system
A
- chewing
- swallowing
- defecating (holding it in)
5
Q
what is involuntary of the digestive system
A
- everything after swallowing
- defecating if you really have to go
6
Q
alimentary canal
A
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestines
- large intestines
7
Q
accessory organs
A
- teeth
- tongue
- salivary glands
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
8
Q
saliva measured by
A
brain
9
Q
salivation amount is determined by how much water is needed to
A
break down the food
* brain calculates how much you need
10
Q
5 stages of digestion
5 stages of digestion
A
- ingestion
- digestion
- absorption
- compaction
- defecation
11
Q
5 stages of digestion
- ingestion
A
selective food intake
12
Q
5 stages of digestion
- digestion
A
mechanican and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body
13
Q
5 stages of digestion
- absorption
A
uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood and lymph
14
Q
5 stages of digestion
- compaction
A
absorbing water and consolidaitng the indigestable residue into feces
15
Q
5 stages of digestion
- defecation
A
elimination of feces
16
Q
digestion
mouth
A
- more than 700 microorganisms; almost 1/2 bacteria
- teeth: chewing (mastication)
- tongue: taste, push to swallow, move food around
- salivary glands
17
Q
mechanical digestion
A
- cutting or grinding action of teeth
- churning action of stomach and small intestines
- exposes more food surface to digestive enzymes
18
Q
chemical digestion
A
- series of hydrolysis reaction that breaks down dietary molecules into their monomers
- carried out by digestive enzymes produces by salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, small intestine
19
Q
products of chemical digestion
A
- polysaccharides into monosaccharides
- proteins into amino acids
- fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids
- nucleic acids into nucleotides NOT NUTRIENT DNA
20
Q
digestive tract wall consisting of layers
A
- mucosa: epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
- submucosa
- muscularis externa: inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer
- serosa: areolar tissue, mesothelium
21
Q
teeth
A
- kids have 20
- adults have 32
- occlusion: meeting of the teeth when mouth is closed
- occlusal surfaces: of premolars and molars have cusps (bumps) that aid in grinding during chewing
22
Q
chemical composition of saliva
A
- mucus: binds and lubricates a mass of food and aids in swallowing
- electrolytes: salts of Na, K, Cl, phosphate, bicarbonate
- lysozyme: enzyme that kills bacteria
- immunoglobulin A (IgA): antimicrobial antibody
- salivary amylase: enzyme that beings starch digestion in the mouth
- lingual lipase: enzyme that begins fat digestion in the mouth (mainly after food is swallowed)
23
Q
serous cells
mucus cells
A
serous cells: outside, water, jello like
mucus cells: inside
24
Q
intrinsic (minor) salivary glands
A
- small glands dispersed amid other oral tissues
- secretes saliva at constant rate (whether we are eating or not)
- lingual glands: in tongue; produce lingual lipase
- labial glands: in lips
- palatine glands: of palate
- buccal glands: in cheek
25
extrinsic (major) salivary glands
* 3 pairs of larger more discrete organs connected to oral cavity by ducts
* parotid glands: located beneath the skin anterior to the earlobs; parotid duct passes over masseter, pierces buccinator, and opens in mouth
* submandibular gland: halfway along the body of the mandible; its duct empties at the side of the lingual frenulum, near the lower central incisors
* sublingual gland: in flood of mouth; has multiple ducts that empty posterior to the papilla of the submandibular duct
26
# esophagus: phases of swallowing
phases of swallowing
1. oral phase
2. pharyngeal phase
3. esophageal phase
27
# esophagus: phases of swallowing
1. oral phase
* voluntary
* tongue collects food, presses it against palate forming bolus and pushes it back posteriorly
* food accumulates in oropharynx in front of epiglottis
* epiglottis tips posteriorly and food bolus slides around it and into laryngopharynx
28
# esophagus: phases of swallowing
2. pharyngeal phase
* involuntary
* prevents food and drink from reentering mouth or entering the nasal cavity
* palate, tongue, vocal cords and epiglottie block the oral and nasal cavities and airway while pharyngeal constrictors push the bolus into the esophagus
29
# esophagus: phases of swallowing
3. esophgeal phase
* peristalsis drived the bolus downward and relation of the lower esophageal spincter admits it into the stomach
30
why can we swallow looking down
not controlled by gravity the esophagus pushes the food down by peristalsis (smooth muscles contracting)
31
# stomach
chyme
* food is mechanically broken down into food particles, liquifies the food, and begins chemical digestion of proteins and fat
* results in chyme---acidic, soupy mixture of semidigested food that passes on to the small intestine
32
# stomach
pyloric sphincter
* ring of smooth muscule around pylorus; regulates the passage of chyme into the duodenum
* pylorus: narrow passage to duodenum
33
# stomach
parietal cells
cheif cells
* parietal cells: secrete HCl, intrinsic factor, ghrelin (hunger)
* cheif cells: secrete gastric lipase, pepsingogen--> pepsin--> break down amino acids (protein)
* HCl is needed to convert pepsingogen into pepsin
* BOTH CELLS COMMUNICATE
34
# stomach
gastric juice
* 2-3L per day produced
* mainly a mixture of water, Hydrochloric acid, pepsin
35
# stomach
HCl activates
* pepsin
* lingual lipase
* breaks up connective tissues and plant cell walls, help to liquefy food and form chyme
* contributes to innate immunity by destroyinh most ingested pathogens
36
# stomach
gastric phases
* cephalic phase: stomach being controlled by brain
* gastric phase: stomach controlling itself
* intestinal phase: stomach being controlled by small intestine
* phases overlap and can occur simultaneously
37
small intestines
* absorption
* duodenum
* jejunum
* ileum
38
large intestine
water absorption
39
liver secretes and produces
bile
40
hepatocyte
cell of liver
41
pancreas
bile and pancreatic juice are combined by ducts, not random, measured by brain from receptors
42
pancreatic juice
* trypsinogen--> trypsin
* chymotrypsinogen--> chymotrypsin
* procarboxypeptidase--> carboxypeptidase
43
energy balance
* body weight is determined
* **stable:** energy intake = output
* **gain weight:** intake exceeds output
* **lose weight:** output exceeds intake
* 30% to 50% in weight is hereditary
44
appetite
* feel hungry
* **satiety:** feeling full
* **ghrelin:** HUNGER HORMONE; secreted from parietal cells
* **peptide YY:** sense food has arrived; primary effect is to signal satiety and stop eating;
* **cholecystokinin (CCK):** secretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes; signals to stop eating
45
amylin
* produces satiety (feel full)
* inhibits stomach activity
46
leptin
how much fat is in the body
47
insulin
weaker effect on appetite
48
calories
* carbs: 4kcal; 70%
* protein: 4kcal 13%-15%
* fats: 9kcal
49
cholesterol
holds cell's membrane to make it more rigid in phospholipid
50
protein
12% to 15% to total body mass
51
skeletal muscle
65% to total body mass
52
why do you mix food
have a balanced diet
53
minerals and vitamins are not used for
fuel
help other nutrients to do their job
54
if you do not have glycogen then
fats, proteins (muscles) is broken down
55
metabolic rate
the amount of energy liberated in the body in a given period of time
(kcal/hr or kcal/day)
56
core temp
temp of organs in cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities
rectal temp is an estimate
adult temp varies from 99 to 99.7
57
shell temp
temp close to body surface (oral cavity and skin)
slightly lower than rectal temp
adult varies from 97.9 to 98.6
58
skeletal muscle contribute to
20% to 30% of total resting heat
