ch 22 quiz

Question 1

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below.

Answer 1

• Diaphragm
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Pectoralis major and minor
• Scalenes

Question 2

identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood

Answer 2

• dissolved gas
• carbaminohemoglobin
• bound to heme

Question 3

emphysea is COPD that may lead to which of the following

Answer 3

• reduced respiartory membrane surface area and gas exchange
• increased vital capacity
• hypoxemia

Question 4

small-cell carcinoma

Answer 4

• least common form of lung cancer
• most dangerous form of lung cancer
• originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastai

Question 5

squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 5

• most common form
• early on, ciliated pseudostratified epithelium transforms into stratified squamous
• dense swirled masses of keratin appear in the lung parenchyma

Question 6

adenocarcinoma

Answer 6

• second most common form
• originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria

Question 7

decreased in chronic bronchitis

Answer 7

• mobility of cilia
• number of respiratory cilia

Question 8

increased in chronic bronchitis

Answer 8

• mucus production
• number of bronchial mucosa cells

Question 9

decreases respiratory rate

Answer 9

• blood pH increases
• blood levels of hydrogenions decrease

Question 10

increases respiratory rate

Answer 10

• blood pH decreases
• levels of CO2 in the blood decrease
• arterial PO2 drops below 60 mm Hg
• blood levels of hydrogen ions increase

Question 11

causes by hyperventilation

Answer 11

• increasing blood PO2
• increasing blood pH
• stimulation of the dorsal respiratory group

Question 12

causes by hypoventilation

Answer 12

• increasing blood PCO2
• decreasing blood pH
• increasing carbaminohemoglobin levels
• haldane effect
• bohr effect

Question 13

8 items
place the respiratory strucutures into the order that air would pass through them during a normal inspiration

Answer 13

1. nares
2. vestibule
3. nasal cavity
4. choanae
5. nasopharynx
6. oropharynx
7. laryngopharynx
8. larynx

Question 14

place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs

Answer 14

1. primary bronchus
2. secondary bronchus
3. tertiary bronchus
4. terminal bronchiole
5. respiratory bronchiole
6. alveolar duct

Question 15

10 items
place the respiratory strucutures into the order that air would pass through them during a normal inspiration

Answer 15

1. trachea
2. primary bronchus
3. secondary bronchus
4. tertiary bronchus
5. bronchiole
6. terminal bronchiole
7. respiratory bronchiole
8. alveolar duct
9. alveolar sac
10. alveolus

Question 16

The relationship between hemoglobin saturation and PO2 is shown by an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.

At low PO2 , the curve rises slowly.

When the curve rises, there is a rapid increase in oxygen loading.

When the first heme group binds a molecule of oxygen, hemoglobin changes conformation to accept a second oxygen.

Eventually, at high PO2 levels, the hemoglobin approaches 100% saturation and can not load more oxygen.

Question 17

Alveolar gas exchange occurs in the lungs .

This type of exchange is the opposite of systemic gas exchange.

As hemoglobin loads oxygen , its affinity for H+ declines.

Hydrogen ions then dissociate from the hemoglobin and bind with bicarbonate ions.

The reaction of H+ and bicarbonate ions reverses the hydration reaction and generates free carbon dioxide.

Question 18

Systemic gas exchange is the unloading of oxygen and loading of carbon dioxide.

This exchange occurs at the capillaries .

The oxygen remaining in the blood after it passes through the capillary bed provides a venous reserve .

This is enough oxygen to sustain life for 4-5 minutes in the event of respiratory arrest.

Alternately, carbon dioxide is loaded during an exchange called a chloride shift.

Question 19

The** residual volume** is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.

The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the **tidal volume **.

After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully is called the inspiratory reserve volume .

If you subtract the residual volume from the total lung capacity, you get the ** vital capacity .**

The vital capacity minus the **expiratory reserve volume **equals the inspiratory capacity.

The effects of obstructive diseases such as asthma or emphysema may be determined by measuring the **forced expiratory volume **.

Question 20

The epiglottis is an unpaired cartilage that covers the laryngeal opening during swallowing.

The hyoid is a bone that allows for skeletal muscle attachment.

The thyroid cartilage is the largest cartilage in the larynx.

The cricoid cartilageis the only cartilage of
the respiratory tract that is a complete ring.

The tracheal cartilages are 13-15 C-shaped cartilage rings.

Question 21

what is definition of partial pressure

Answer 21

the seperate contribution of pressure by each each individual gas composing air

Question 22

The majority of CO2 in the blood is carried as bicarbonate ion .

The reaction between CO2 and H2O to H2CO3 is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase .

The chloride shift is an anion exchange that takes place in red blood cells as a mechanism to transport bicarbonate ion out of the cell.

The combination of carbon dioxide and protein known as carbaminohemoglobin is abbreviated HbCO2 .

Less than 10% of CO2 is transported as dissolved gas .

The ability of CO2 to bind to deoxygenated hemoglobin more readily than it binds oxyhemoglobin is referred to as the Haldane effect.

Question 23

which best summarizes the bohr effect

Answer 23

the rate of oxygen unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity

Question 24

The law of partial pressure, also known as **Dalton’s law **law, states that the individual gases in the air contribute to the total atmospheric pressure as a function of the percentage each gas contributes to the total volume.

If two gases have the same partial pressure, but gas A has a higher water solubility coefficient than gas B, then gas A will diffuse at a faster rate.

**Henry’s law **states that the amount of a gas that dissolves in water is a function of its partial pressure and its solubility coefficient.

If the alveolar partial pressure of gas A is 110 mm Hg and the partial pressure of gas B is 135, then **gas B **will diffuse into the blood at a faster rate.

If the Pco2 in the tissues increases, then the Pco2 in the systemic venous blood will increase .

Question 25

inspiration begins as

Answer 25

the diaphragm contracts

Question 26

what is the result of inspiration

Answer 26

an increased alveloar volumar causes decreased alveolar pressure

Question 27

which of the following occurs during expiration

Answer 27

decreased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure

Question 28

which is a function of the lymphoid system

Answer 28

* to reabsorb fluid from the interstitial spaces back to into the blood * to remove foreign matter from interstitial fluid before returning it to the blood * to absorb dietary proteins

Question 29

which properties distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity

Answer 29

* the body reacts quickly to a pathogen to which it was previously exposed

Question 30

which is/are true regarding failures of self-tolerance

Answer 30

* Antibodies not only react against a pathogen but also against the bodies own cells. * Upon exposure, antibodies may form against normal cells that blood does not usually become exposed to. * Viruses may change the structure of self-antigens and cause the immune system to perceive them as foreign. * During anaphylaxis, allergens mimic normal cells and 'trick' the immune system into making autoantibodies. * Autoantibodies are introduced to the blood via transfusion.

Question 31

cellular immunity

Answer 31

* utilizes cytotoxic T cells * MHC-1 * tumor necrosis factor

Question 32

humoral immunity

Answer 32

* produces antibodies * targets extracellular viruses * has a secondary response

Question 33

both cellular and humoral immunity

Answer 33

* utilizes helper T cells * MHC-II * targets bacteria * phagocytosis

Question 34

adaptive immunity

Answer 34

* antibodies * agglutinins * complement (antibody-dependent pathway) * major histocompatability complexes * immunoglobins

Question 35

innate immunity

Answer 35

* skin * hypodermal areolar connective tissue * stratified squamous epithelium * ketatinized epithelium

Question 36

local anaphylaxis

Answer 36

* allergis rhinitis resulting in a runny nose * bronchial asthma resulting in labored breathing * treated with antihistamines

Question 37

anaphylactic shock

Answer 37

* systemic reaction from bee sting * allergy to penicillin * ingestion of peanuts by allergic individual * antihistamines not adequate for treatment * treated with epinephrine

Question 38

adaptive immunity

Answer 38

* vaccines * agglutination * memory * clonal selection * third line of defense

Question 39

innate immunity

Answer 39

* acid mantle * first line of defense * second line of defense

Question 40

naturally acquired active immunity

Answer 40

* anitbody production resulting from illness * immunity that would result from pathogen acquisition through kissing

Question 41

artifically acquired active immunity

Answer 41

* antibody production resulting from immunization * the injection of a dead or weakened pathogen

Question 42

which T cells plats an integral role in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity

Answer 42

helper T cell

Question 43

what does the first line of defense against pathogens consist of

Answer 43

external barriers

Question 44

which protein found in blood are involved in the innate immunity against pathogens

Answer 44

complement

Question 45

what is artificial active immunity

Answer 45

acquiring one's own immunity against an attenuated pathogen

Question 46

Soluble plasma proteins, known as **complement** , can be activated in three ways. The classical mechanism requires antibodies. The alternative and **lectin** pathways of complement activation can both be initiated independent of antibody actions. One way in which complement activation destroys pathogens is by C3a binding to **basophils and mast cells** , which then causes inflammation through histamine and heparin release. By binding **antibody-antigen complexes **to red blood cells, complement can serve as a promoter of **immune clearance** by transporting these elements to reticular tissue for removal. Activated C3b can also directly attach to pathogens and later serve as markers for **phagocytosis** through a process called opsonization. Further cascades of reactions caused by C3b encourage the formation of membrane attack complexes in the membranes of pathogens, causing **cytolysis** .

Question 47

which type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete

Answer 47

humoral

Question 48

a severe and immediate local IgE reaction to an allergen withing seconds of exposure is called

Answer 48

anaphylaxis

Question 49

Your friend's son has chickenpox. She gave him aspirin to bring his fever down, but now he is very nauseous, vomiting, and disoriented. You tell your friend to take her son to the ER as soon as possible. Why?

Answer 49

he may have Reye syndrome

Question 50

A friend of yours is diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. Their doctor wants to perform a mastectomy but also wants to remove their nearby axillary lymph nodes. Your friend doesn't understand why the surgeon wants to operate on their armpit if they have breast cancer. What do you say to them?

Answer 50

Metastatic cells are taken up by the lympatic system and often found first in nearby lymph nodes.

Question 51

Interestingly, **antibodies** do not directly attack, nor destroy, any pathogens. They **bind** to pathogens, and in doing so render them incapable of causing an immune response. This opens binding sites and promotes **complement fixation** , resulting in a conversion of complement proteins to fight the pathogen. Antibodies that bind to more than one cell simultaneously can rapidly cause **agglutination** to occur, which is a clumping that prevents the pathogen from contacting and damaging human cells. This process makes the molecule insoluble and less mobile. This is an example of **precipitation** .