ch. 18 exam review questions Flashcards by Janet Garcia

what is the difference between the circulatory system and the cardiovascular system

cardiovascular system: study of ONLY heart and blood vessels
cardio->heart vascular->vessels

circulatory system: study of heart, blood vessels, BLOOD

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what is the difference between
plasma
serum
formed elements

plasma: ground substance of blood fibers together

serum: the plasma without fibers (clotting proteins)

formed elements: pieces of cells and full cells

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hematology

study of blood

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blood

connective tissue with ground substrate, fibers, cells

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blood composition

plasma and formed elements

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plasma composition

water
nutrients such as sugar
amino acids
different proteins such as albumin
waste like urea

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three types of proteins

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

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albumin

the main type of protein and produced by LIVER

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serum composition

everything in plasma except fibrins and other clotting agents

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serum vs plasma

fibrinogen is NOT in serum

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proteins in plasma

too much proteins increases blood osmolarity
blood gets thicker and heavier
therefore it runs slower
decreasing blood pressure

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osmolarity

concentration of solute particles in a solution

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osmolarity of blood

the concentration of cells, cell fragments, proteins, and other fibers

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colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

contribution of proteins on blood osmotic pressure

if you do not eat enough proteins the COD will be low because blood will be less concentrated

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edema

when osmolarity is too low there is too much water in tissues, blood pressure drops

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buffy coat

narrow cream colored zone with 1% or less of total volume of blood

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hematocrit

the part of the blood that is RBC
37%-52%
also called packed cell volume, PCV

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erythrocytes

red blood cells, RBCs

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RBC carries

oxygen and some carbon dioxide

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viscosity

thickness of blood due mostly to RBC

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platelets

secrete procoagulants or clotting factors to promote clotting, secrete serotonin

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leukocytes

white blood cells

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granulocytes

with granules inside the cells

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neutrophils

60%-70% of circulating leukocytes
varied nuclear shapes
less granules
can eat bacteria
secretes antimicrobial chemicals

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eosinophil

2%-4% of circulating leukocytes bilobed nucleus can eat antigen-antibody complexes allergens destroys parasites

basophils

less than 0.5% circulating leukocytes secretes histamine (vasodilator) heparin (anticoagulant) promotes the mobility of other WBC

agrulocytes

with no granules inside the cell

lymphocytes

most abundant agranulocytes (25%-33%) last the longest present antigens to activate immune responses secrete antibodies and provide immune memory

leukopoiesis

production of white blood cells

CFUs then produce the following cell lines

myeloblasts monoblasts lymphoblasts T lymphocytes

myeloblast

form neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

monoblast

form monocytes

lymphoblasts

all forms of lymphocytes

T lymphocyte

complete development in thymus

red bone marrow stores and releases

granulocytes and monocytes

leukocytosis

high WBC count above 10,000 WBCs causes: infection, allergy, disease

monocytes

largest leukocyte that contains small cytoplasmic granules and typically a kidney or horseshoe-shaped nucleus buffy coat hematocrit: packed cell volume proteins in the plasma

blood viscosity

the role of erythrocytes

hemopoiesis

blood formation how blood is made

myeloid hemopoiesis

when blood is formed in red bone marrow

lymphoid hematopoiesis

when blood is formed in the lymphoid organs

organs that make blood

spleen thymus bone marrow liver (before BIRTH)

edema causes

low protein

red bone marrow

blood transports

oxygen carbon dioxide

blood osmolarity

spleen and liver are the sites of what for a RBC

sites of death

polycythemis

=erythrocytosis

hemoglobin

bilirubin

globin

heme

each can carry one molecule of oxygen so each hemoglobin can transport up to 4 oxygen molecules

about 5% of carbon dioxide in blood is also transported by

hemoglobin but binds to globin rather than heme

hypoxemia

pernicious anemia

autoimmune attack of stomach tissue leads to inadequate intrinsic factor production

liver

clotting factor site of synthesis

polycythemia

increased RBC not having enough water in blood will concentrate blood leading to this

anemai

deficiency of either RBCs or hemoglobin; causes fall into 3 categories hemmorhagic hemolytic

hemmorhagic anemia

from bleeding: trauma, bleeding disorders

hemoltic anemia

from RBC destruction: drug reactions, poisoning, infections, hereditary defects, blood type incompatibilities

inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis

nutritional deficiencies kidney insufficiency destruction of myeloid tissue aging

kidney failure and insufficient erythropoietin

erythropoietin (EPO)

a hormone from kidneys

Patients with anemia

lethargic, low blood osmolarity, resistance to blood flow reduced, resistance to blood flow reduced, more fluid in the intercellular space

Globin

(protein) hydrolyses to amino acids

Heme

nonprotein) converted to Biliverdin and finally to Bilirubin

Hypoxemia

low oxygen level controlled by a negative feedback system

Pernicious anemia

autoimmune attack of stomach tissue leads to inadequate intrinsic factor production

Intrinsic factor needed

for vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine

Iron-deficiency anemia

lack of iron due to blood loss, inadequate in die

Hypoplastic anemia

Decline in erythropoiesis

Aplastic anemia

complete cessation of erythropoiesis

Failure or destruction of

Myeloid tissue

RBC antigens

Agglutinogen glycolipids on RBC surface

Antigen a

Antigen b

Blood type a person has

Antigen a

blood type b person has

antigen b

blood type ab has

antigen has both a and b antigens

blood type of person has neither

a nor b antigen

antigen d is the most

reactive and a patient is considered Rh-positive (Rh+) If having d antigen on rbcs

Rh-negative (rh-) lack

antigen d

hemostasis

cessation of bleeding

platelet

secrete vasoconstrictores to stimulate vessel constriction

chemically attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of

inflammation

conversion of plasma protein fibrinogen into

insoluble fibers threads to form framework of clot

thrombus

blood clot

embolus

piece of blood clot circulating in blood

thromboplastin

factor III as an extrinsic mechanism

extrinsic mechanism

clotting factors from damaged vessel and tissues around the vessels

intrinsic mechanism

thrombin

converts fibrinogen into fibrin monomers

most clotting agents synthesized by

liver

anticoagulants

antithrombin

from liver deactivates thrombin before it can act on firbrinogen

heparin

from basophils and mast cells interferes with formation of prothrombin activator

hemophilia

a family of hereditary diseases characterized by deficiencies of one clotting factor or another

ch. 18 exam review questions Flashcards

(98 cards)