ch 22 the respiratory system

Question 1

respiration: gas exchange

respiratory system

Answer 1

organ system that takes in air and expels it from the body

Question 2

respiration: gas exchange

respiration

Answer 2

refers to ventilation of the lungs (breathing)

Question 3

respiration

gas exchange

Answer 3

O2 and CO2 exchanged between blood and air

Question 4

respiration

communication

Answer 4

speech and other vocalizations

Question 5

respiration

olfaction

Answer 5

sense of smell

Question 6

respiration

acid-base balance

Answer 6

influences pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2

Question 7

respiration

blood pressure regulation

Answer 7

assists with synthesis of angiotensin II

a hormone that regulates blood pressure

Question 8

respiration

blood and lymph flow

Answer 8

breathing creates pressure gradients between thorax and abdomen

Question 9

respiration

platelet production

Answer 9

more than 1/2 of platelets are made by megakaryocytes in lungs

not in bone marrow

Question 10

respiration

blood filtration

Answer 10

lungs filter small clots

Question 11

respiration

expulsion of abdominal contents

Answer 11

breath-holding assists in urination, defecation, childbirth

Question 12

organization of respiratory organs

principal organs of the respiratory system

Answer 12

• nose
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi
• lungs

Question 13

organization of respiratory organs

conducting zone

Answer 13

passages that serve only for airflow
(no gas exchange)
* nostrils through major bronchioles

Question 14

organization of respiratory organs

respiratory zone

Answer 14

regions that participate in gas exchange
* alveoli and nearby structures

Question 15

organization of respiratory organs

upper respiratory tract

Answer 15

airway from nose through larynx

Question 16

organization of respiratory organs

lower respiratory tract

Answer 16

regions from trachea through lungs

Question 17

structure of the nose

nasal mucosa covered by a

Answer 17

respiratory epithelium

Question 18

structure of the nose: respiratory epithelium

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium contains what kind of cells

Answer 18

• goblet cells
• ciliated cells

Question 19

strucutre of the nose: respiratory epithelium

goblet cells

Answer 19

produce most of the mucus, supplemented by mucous glands in lamina properia

Question 20

strucuture of the nose: respiratory epithelium

ciliated cells

Answer 20

have motile cilia that propel the mucus posteriorly toward pharynx to be swallowed

Question 21

strucuture of the nose:

olfactory epithelium

Answer 21

is involved in the sense of smell

Question 22

strucuture of the nose: olfactory epithelium

located at roof of each

Answer 22

nasal fossa

Question 23

strucuture of the nose: olfactory epithelium

immobile cilia bind

Answer 23

odarant molecules

do not propel nucleus

Question 24

strucuture of the nose: olfactory epithelium

olfactory glands secrete serous fluid to assist

Answer 24

diffusion of odor molecules to receptors on the cilia

Question 25

# the pharynx pharynx

Answer 25

muscular funnel extending about 13 cm (5 inch) from posterior nasal apertures to larynx divided into 3 regions

Question 26

# the pharynx nasopharynx

Answer 26

posterior to nasal apertures and above soft palate

Question 27

# the pharynx: nasaopharynx receives auditory tubes and contains

Answer 27

pharyngeal tonsil

Question 28

# the pharynx: nasaopharynx 90 degrees downward turn

Answer 28

traps large particles

Question 29

# the pharynx: oropharynx space between

Answer 29

soft palate and epiglottis * contains palatine tonsils

Question 30

# the pharynx: laryngopharynx posterior to

Answer 30

larynx, from epiglottis to cricioid cartilage * esophagus begins at that points

Question 31

# the larynx cartilaginous chamber about

Answer 31

4 cm (1.5 inch) long

Question 32

# the larynx primary function is to keep

Answer 32

food and drink out of airway

Question 33

# the larynx also involved in

Answer 33

production of sound * commonly known as "voice box"

Question 34

# epiglottis flap of tissue that guards

Answer 34

superior opening of larynx

Question 35

# epiglottis at rest stands almost

Answer 35

vertically

Question 36

# epiglottis during swallowing, extrinsic muscles pull

Answer 36

larynx upward

Question 37

# epiglottis tongue pushes epiglottis down to

Answer 37

meet it

Question 38

# epiglottis closes airway and directs food to

Answer 38

esophagus behind it

Question 39

# epiglottis vestibular folds of the larynx play greater role in keeping

Answer 39

food and drink out of the airway

Question 40

# cartilages of the epiglottis nine cartilages make up framework of

Answer 40

larynx

Question 41

# cartilages of the epiglottis first 3 are

Answer 41

solitary and relatively large

Question 42

# cartilages of the epiglottis epiglottic cartilage

Answer 42

* most superior * spoon-shaped supportive plate in epiglottis

Question 43

# cartilages of the epiglottis thyroid cartilage

Answer 43

* shield-shaped and largest laryngeal cartilage * contains laryngeal prominence (Adam's Apple) * testosterone stimulates growth, larger in males

Question 44

# cartilages of the epiglottis cricoid cartilage

Answer 44

* ring-like shape * connects larynx to trachea

Question 45

# cartilages of the epiglottis what are the first 3 cartilages of the epiglottis

Answer 45

* epiglottic cartilage * thyroid cartilage * cricoid cartilage

Question 46

# cartilages of the epiglottis what are the 3 smaller, paired cartilages

Answer 46

* arytenoid cartilages * corniculate cartilages * cuneiform cartilages

Question 47

# cartilages of the epiglottis arytenoid cartilages

Answer 47

posterior to thyroid cartilage

Question 48

# cartilages of the epiglottis corniculate cartilages

Answer 48

attached to arytenoid cartilages like a pair of little horns

Question 49

# cartilages of the epiglottis cuneiform cartilages

Answer 49

support soft tissue between arytenoids and epiglottis

Question 50

# cartilages of the epiglottis extrinsic ligaments connect the

Answer 50

larynx to external structures

Question 51

# cartilages of the larynx: extrinsic ligaments thyrohyoid membrane

Answer 51

suspends larynx from hyoid

Question 52

# cartilages of the larynx: extrinsic ligaments cricothyroid ligament

Answer 52

connects cricoid and thyroid cartilages

Question 53

# cartilages of the larynx: extrinsic ligaments cricotracheal ligament

Answer 53

suspends trachea from larynx

Question 54

# cartilages of the larynx: extrinsic ligaments what are the 3 extrinsic ligamnets

Answer 54

* thyrohyoid membrane * cricothyroid ligament * cricotracheal ligament

Question 55

# cartilages of the larynx intrinsic ligamens hold

Answer 55

laryngeal cartilages together

Question 56

# vocal structures interior wall has 2 folds on each side that extend from

Answer 56

thyroid cartilage in front to arytenoid cartilages in back

Question 57

# vocal structures vestibular folds

Answer 57

play no role in speech but close the larynx during swallowing

Question 58

# vocal structures: vestibular folds supported by the

Answer 58

vestibular ligaments

Question 59

# vocal structures vocal cords (vocal folds)

Answer 59

produce sound when air passes between them

Question 60

# vocal structures: vocal cords contain vocal ligaments covered with

Answer 60

stratified squamous epithelium suited to endure vibration and contact

Question 61

# vocal structures: vocal cords glottis

Answer 61

the vocal cords and the opening between them

Question 62

# vocal cords adult male vocal cords when compared to female cords

Answer 62

* usually longer and thicker * vibrate more slowly * produce lower-pitched sound

Question 63

# vocal cords loudness determined by the force of

Answer 63

air passing between the vocal cords

Question 64

# vocal cords vocal cords produce crude sounds that are formed into words by actions of

Answer 64

* pharynx * oral cavity * tongue * lips

Question 65

# the trachea tube that connects

Answer 65

larynx to bronchi ## Footnote commonly called "windpipe"

Question 66

# the trachea: strucure rigid tube that is how long and what is the diameter

Answer 66

12 cm (4.5 inch) long 2.5 cm (1 inch) in diameter

Question 67

# the trachea: strucure supported by

Answer 67

16 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage * prevents collapse during inhalation

Question 68

# the trachea: strucure opening in cartilage rings faces

Answer 68

posteriorly toward esophagus * allows esophagus to expand as swallowed food passes by

Question 69

# the trachea: strucure trachealis

Answer 69

muscle spans opening in rings * contracts or relaxes to adjust airflow

Question 70

# the trachea: strucure carina

Answer 70

lowermost tracheal cartilage has internal median ridge

Question 71

# the trachea: histology lined by

Answer 71

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 72

# trachea: histology of pseudostratified columnar epithelium contains

Answer 72

* mucus-secreting cells * ciliated cells * stem cells

Question 73

# trachea: histology of pseudostratified columnar epithelium mucociliary escalator

Answer 73

* mechanism for debris removal * mucus traps inhaled particles, upward beating cilia moves mucus to pharynx to be swallowed

Question 74

# trachea: histology connective tissue beneath the tracheal epithelium contains

Answer 74

* lymphoid nodules * mucous and serous glands * tracheal cartilages

Question 75

# trachea: histology adventitia

Answer 75

* outermost layer of trachea * fibroud connective tissue that blends into adventitia of other nearby organs (esophagus)

Question 76

# tracheotomy tracheotomy

Answer 76

to make a temporary opening in the trachea and insert a tube to allow airflow

Question 77

# tracheotomy prevents asphyxiation due to

Answer 77

upper airway obstruction

Question 78

# tracheotomy potential problems include

Answer 78

* inhaled air bypasses the nasal cavity and is hot humidified * if left for long, will dry out mucous membrane * become encrusted and interfere with clearance of mucus from tract, thereby promoting infection

Question 79

# tracheotomy intubation

Answer 79

when a patient is on a ventilator air is introduced directly into trachea * air must be filtered and humidified

Question 80

# lungs and bronchial tree each lung is a conical organ with the following landmarks

Answer 80

* base * apex * costal surface * mediastinal surface * hilum * root of lung

Question 81

# lungs and bronchial tree base

Answer 81

broad concave portion resting on diaphragm

Question 82

# lungs and bronchial tree apex

Answer 82

tip that projects just above the clavicle

Question 83

# lungs and bronchial tree costal surface

Answer 83

pressed against the ribcage

Question 84

# lungs and bronchial tree mediastinal surface

Answer 84

faces medially toward the heart

Question 85

# lungs and bronchial tree hilum

Answer 85

slit through which the lung receives the * main bronchus * blood vessels * lymphatics * nerves

Question 86

# lungs and bronchial tree strucutures near hilum constitute

Answer 86

root of lung

Question 87

# lungs and bronchial tree left and right lungs are not

Answer 87

symmetrical

Question 88

# lungs and bronchial tree: right lung shorter than left because

Answer 88

liver rises higher on the right

Question 89

# lungs and bronchial tree: right lung has 3 lobes

Answer 89

* superior * middle * inferior

Question 90

# lungs and bronchial tree: right lung horizontal fissure

Answer 90

seperated superior and middle lobes

Question 91

# lungs and bronchial tree: right lung oblique fissure

Answer 91

seperates middle and inferior lobes

Question 92

# lungs and bronchial tree: left lung tall and narrow because the heart

Answer 92

tilts toward the left and occupies more space on this side of mediastinum

Question 93

# lungs and bronchial tree: left lung cardiac impression

Answer 93

has indentation to accommodate heart

Question 94

# lungs and bronchial tree: left lung has 2 lobes

Answer 94

* superior and inferior lobes * seperated by a single oblique fissure

Question 95

# lungs and bronchial tree bronchial tree

Answer 95

a branching system of air tubes in each lung

Question 96

# lungs and bronchial tree: bronchial tree extends from main bronchus to

Answer 96

65,000 terminal bronchioles

Question 97

# lungs and bronchial tree main (primary) bronchi arise from

Answer 97

fork of trachea

Question 98

# lungs and bronchial tree: main (primary) bronchi right main bronchus

Answer 98

is wider and more vertical than left main bronchus * right is 2 to 3 cm long, left about 5 cm long

Question 99

# lungs and bronchial tree: main (primary) bronchi aspirated (inhaled) foreign objects lodge in the

Answer 99

right main bronchus more often than in the left

Question 100

# lungs and bronchial tree the main bronchi divide into

Answer 100

lobar (secondary) bronchi

Question 101

# lungs and bronchial tree: lobar (secondary) bronchi a lobar bronchus serves each

Answer 101

lobe of each lung

Question 102

# lungs and bronchial tree: lobar (secondary) bronchi right main bronchus gives off 3 branches

Answer 102

* superior * middle * inferior lobar bronchi

Question 103

# lungs and bronchial tree: lobar (secondary) bronchi left main bronchus gives off 2 branches

Answer 103

* superior * inferior lobar bronchi

Question 104

# lungs and bronchial tree lobar bronchi branch into

Answer 104

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

Question 105

# lungs and bronchial tree: segmental (tertiary) bronchi segmental (tertiary) bronchi

Answer 105

* 10 in right lung * 8 in left lung

Question 106

# lungs and bronchial tree: segmental (tertiary) bronchi bronchopulmonary segment

Answer 106

functionally independent unit of lung ventilated by segmental bronchus

Question 107

# lungs and bronchial tree bronchioles

Answer 107

continuations of airway that lack supportive cartilage and are 1mm or less in diameter

Question 108

# lungs and bronchial tree: bronchioles pulmonary lobule

Answer 108

portion of lung ventilated by one bronchiole

Question 109

# lungs and bronchial tree: bronchioles have ciliated cuboidal epithelium and

Answer 109

well-developed layer of smooth muscle

Question 110

# lungs and bronchial tree: bronchioles each bronchiole into

Answer 110

50 to 80 terminal bronchiles

Question 111

# lungs and bronchial tree: terminal bronchioles final branches of

Answer 111

conducting zone

Question 112

# lungs and bronchial tree: terminal bronchioles measure 0.5 mm or

Answer 112

less in diameter

Question 113

# lungs and bronchial tree: terminal bronchioles have no mucous

Answer 113

glands or goblet cells

Question 114

# lungs and bronchial tree: terminal bronchioles have cilia that move mucus by

Answer 114

mucociliary escalator

Question 115

# lungs and bronchial tree: terminal bronchioles each terminal bronchiole gives off

Answer 115

2 or more smaller respiratory bronchioles

Question 116

# lungs and bronchial tree: respiratory bronchioles these have alveoli budding from their

Answer 116

walls

Question 117

# lungs and bronchial tree: respiratory bronchioles considered the beginning of the respiratory zone since the

Answer 117

alveoli participate in gas exchange

Question 118

# lungs and bronchial tree: respiratory bronchioles each respiratory bronchiole divides into

Answer 118

2 to 10 alveolar ducts

Question 119

# lungs and bronchial tree: respiratory bronchioles elongated thin-walled passages with

Answer 119

alveoli along their walls

Question 120

# lungs and bronchial tree: respiratory bronchioles end in alveolar sacs

Answer 120

clusters of alveoli around a central space (atrium)

Question 121

# lungs and bronchial tree alveoli

Answer 121

microscopic air pouches in the lungs each about 0.2 to 0.5 mm in diameter

Question 122

# lungs and bronchial tree: alveoli 480 million alveoli in each

Answer 122

lung providing 70 msquared of surface for gas exchange

Question 123

# lungs and bronchial tree: alveoli cells of the alveoli

Answer 123

* squamous (type 1) alveolar cells * great (type 2) alveolar cells * alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

Question 124

# lungs and bronchial tree: cells of the alveoli squamous (type 1) alveolar cells

Answer 124

* thin cells allow rapid gas diffusion between air and blood * cover 95% of alveolus surface area

Question 125

# lungs and bronchi tree: cells of the alveoli great (type 2) alveolar cells

Answer 125

* round to cuboidal cells that cover the remaining 5% of alveolar surface * repair the alveolar epithelium when the squamous (type 1) cells are damaged * secrete *pulmonary surfactant*

Question 126

# lungs and bronchi tree: cells of the alveoli--> great alveolar cells pulmonary surfactant

Answer 126

mixture of phospholipids and proteins that coats the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing during exhalation

Question 127

# lungs and bronchi tree: cells of the alveoli: alveolar macrophages alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

Answer 127

* most numerour of all cells in the lung * wander lumens of alveoli and connective tissue between them * keep alveoli free from debris by phagocytizing dust particles * millions of dust cells die each day as they ride up the mucociliary escalator to be swallowed and digested with their load of debris

Question 128

# lungs and bronchi tree: respiratory membrane

Answer 128

thin barrier between the alveolar air and blood

Question 129

# lungs and bronchi tree: respiratory membrane each alveolus surrounded by a basket of

Answer 129

capillaries supplied by the pulmonary artery

Question 130

# lungs and bronchi tree: respiratory membrane gases exchanged across respiratory membrane which

Answer 130

consists of 3 layers

Question 131

# lungs and bronchi tree: respiratory membrane 3 layers

Answer 131

* sqamous alveolar cells * endothelial cells of blood capillary * their shared basement membrane

Question 132

# pulmomary circulation lungs receive both

Answer 132

pulmonary and systemic blood supplies

Question 133

# pulmomary circulation pulmonary circuit

Answer 133

* pulmonary trunk * pulmonary arteries * lobar arteries * capillaries surrounding alveoli * pulmonary veins

Question 134

# pulmomary circulation: pulmonary circuit serves to unload carbon dioxide from blood so it can be

Answer 134

exhaled and pick up oxygen from inhaled air

Question 135

# pulmomary circulation: systemic blood supply

Answer 135

* bronchial arteries arise from aorta * supply lung tissue (pleura, bronchi, bronchioles, larger vessels) with blood supply

Question 136

# pulmomary circulation: systemic blood supply bronchial veins drain this blood into

Answer 136

azygos vein of thorax

Question 137

# pulmomary circulation right-to-left shunt

Answer 137

some bronchial venous blood mixes with pulmonary venous blood * dilutes oxygen contetn somewhat

Question 138

# pulmomary circulation gases diffuse too slowly through

Answer 138

liquid to sufficiently aerate the blood

Question 139

# pulmomary circulation: to prevent fluid accumulation alveoli are kept dry by

Answer 139

low blood pressure in capillaries

Question 140

# pulmomary circulation: to prevent fluid accumulation mean blood pressure is

Answer 140

10 mm Hg (compared to 30 mm Hg at the arterial end of the average capillary elsewhere)

Question 141

# pulmomary circulation: to prevent fluid accumulation reabsorption (osmotic uptake of water) overrides

Answer 141

filtration and keeps the alveoli free of excess fluid * the low capillary blood pressure also prevents rupture of the delicate respiratory membrane

Question 142

# pulmomary circulation: to prevent fluid accumulation lungs have more extensive lymphatic drainage than any other

Answer 142

organ in the body

Question 143

# the pleurae pleura

Answer 143

serous membrane that lines thoracic wall and forms surface of lung

Question 144

# the pleurae visceral pleura

Answer 144

forms surface of the lung

Question 145

# the pleurae parietal pleura

Answer 145

adheres to * mediastinum * inner surface of the rib cage * superior surface of the diaphragm

Question 146

# the pleurae pleural cavity

Answer 146

potential space between pleurae

Question 147

# the pleurae: the pleural cavity normally no room between the membrances, but contains a film of

Answer 147

slippery pleural fluid

Question 148

# the pleurae: the pleural cavity pleural effusion

Answer 148

pathological seepage of fluid into the pleural cavity

Question 149

# functions of pleurae and pleural fluid reduction of friction

Answer 149

allow lungs to move with minimal friction

Question 150

# functions of pleurae and pleural fluid creation of a pressure gradient

Answer 150

pressure gradient assists with lung inflation

Question 151

# functions of pleurae and pleural fluid compartmentalization

Answer 151

prevents spread of infection from one organ in mediastinum to others

Question 152

# pulmonary ventilation: breathing breathing is a repetitive cycle of

Answer 152

inspiration (inhaling) anf expiration (exhaling)

Question 153

# pulmonary ventilation: breathing respiratory cycle

Answer 153

one complete breath inspiration and expiration

Question 154

# pulmonary ventilation: breathing quiett respiration

Answer 154

breathing while at rest effortless and automatic

Question 155

# pulmonary ventilation: breathing forced respiration

Answer 155

deep or rapid breathing such as during exercise or playing an instrument

Question 156

# pulmonary ventilation: breathing flow of air in and out of lung depends on a

Answer 156

pressure difference between air within lungs and outside body

Question 157

# pulmonary ventilation: breathing respiratory muscles change

Answer 157

lung volumes and create differences in pressure relative to the atmosphere

Question 158

# respiratory muscles principal muscles of respiration are the

Answer 158

diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Question 159

# respiratory muscles diaphragm

Answer 159

prime mover of respiration

Question 160

# respiratory muscles: diaphragm contraction flattens diaphragm enlarging

Answer 160

thoracic cavity and pulling air into lungs

Question 161

# respiratory muscles: diaphragm relaxation allows diaphragm to bulge

Answer 161

upward again compressing the lungs and expelling air

Question 162

# respiratory muscles: diaphragm accounts for 2/3 of

Answer 162

airflow

Question 163

# respiratory muscles internal and external intercostal muscles

Answer 163

assist diaphragm

Question 164

# respiratory muscles: internal & external intercostal muscles located between

Answer 164

ribs

Question 165

# respiratory muscles: internal & external intercostal muscles contribute to enlargements and contraction of

Answer 165

thoracic cage

Question 166

# respiratory muscles: internal & external intercostal muscles add about 1/3 of the air that ventilates the

Answer 166

lungs

Question 167

# respiratory muscles: accessory muscles of respiration act mainly in

Answer 167

forced respiration

Question 168

# respiratory muscles: accessory muscles of respiration include

Answer 168

* sternocleidomastoid * pectoralis major * pectorlais minor * erector spinae * scalenes * serratus anterior * serratus posterior superior muscles

Question 169

# respiratory muscles: accessory muscles aid in

Answer 169

deep inspiration

Question 170

# respiratory muscles: normal quiet expiration

Answer 170

energy-saving passive process achieved by the elasticity of the lungs and thoracic cage * As muscles relax, structures recoil to original shape and original (smaller) size of thoracic cavity * Results in airflow out of lungs

Question 171

# The Respiratory Muscles Forced expiration:

Answer 171

* Rectus abdominis, internal intercostals, and other lumbar, abdominal, and pelvic muscles * Greatly increased abdominal pressure pushes viscera up against diaphragm increasing thoracic pressure, forcing air out

Question 172

# The Respiratory Muscles Valsalva maneuver

Answer 172

breathing technique used to help expel contents of certain abdominal organs

Question 173

# Neural Control of Breathing Breathing depends on repetitive stimulation of skeletal muscles from brain and will cease if spinal cord is severed high in neck

Answer 173

* Skeletal muscles require nervous stimulation * Multiple respiratory muscles require coordination

Question 174

# Neural Control of Breathing Breathing is controlled at two levels of the brain

Answer 174

* One is cerebral and conscious * Other is unconscious and automatic

Question 175

# Neural Control of Breathing Brainstem respiratory centers

Answer 175

* Automatic, unconscious breathing is controlled by respiratory centers in reticular formation (medulla oblongata and pons) * Two pairs of respiratory centers in the medulla and one pair in pons

Question 176

# Neural Control of Breathing: brainstem respiratory centers Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Answer 176

* In medulla * Primary generator of the respiratory rhythm * Reverberating circuits of inspiratory (I) neurons and expiratory (E) neurons * Produces a respiratory rhythm of 12 breaths per minute

Question 177

# Neural Control of Breathing: Brainstem respiratory centers Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Answer 177

* In medulla * Modifies the rate and depth of breathing * Receives influences from external sources (pons, medulla, receptors in lungs, and higher brain centers