ch 23 smartbook

Question 1

how do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood

Answer 1

by regulating water output

Question 2

which organ regulates the electrolyte and acid-base balance of the body fluids

Answer 2

kidneys

Question 3

the kidneys play a role in homeostasis by participating in the synthesis of which hormone

Answer 3

calcitriol

Question 4

how do most nitrogenous wastes originate

Answer 4

as byproducts of protein catabolism

Question 5

azotemia indicates which of the following

Answer 5

renal insufficiency

Question 6

in conditions of severe starving the kidneys can synthesize ______ from amino acids

Answer 6

glucose

Question 7

choose all the substances that the kidneys play a major role in regulating

Answer 7

• electrolytes
• acid-base balance

Question 8

the kidneys produce which hormone that stimulates the production of RBCs

Answer 8

erythropoietin

Question 9

what is the process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body called

Answer 9

excretion

Question 10

choose all that are parts of a renal tubule

Answer 10

• distal convoluted tubule
• nephron loop
• collecting duct
• promixal convoluted tubule

Question 11

blood vessels of the vasa recta arise from ____

Answer 11

efferent arterioles

Question 12

the presence of which structures in the proximal convoluted tubule cause the lining to be referred to as a brush border

Answer 12

microvilli

Question 13

the collecting duct received fluid from which of the following

Answer 13

distal convoluted tubule

Question 14

which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct

Answer 14

renal tubule

Question 15

place in order from top to bottom from the blood side to the capsular space, the structures through which any filtered substance must pass in glomerular filtration

Answer 15

• fenestrated endothelium
• basement membrane
• filtration slit

Question 16

the nerves and ganglia serving the kidney make up the renal

Answer 16

plexus

Question 17

within the filtration membrane, filtration slits are gaps between which of the following

Answer 17

pedicels

Question 18

glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma, except that it contains little or no proteins

Answer 18

true

Question 19

which structure determines what solutes are able to pass from the glomerular blood into the capsular space

Answer 19

filtration membrane

Question 20

nephrosclerosis is which of the following

Answer 20

scarring of the kidneys

Question 21

how does hypertension lead to kidney damage

Answer 21

it can rupture glomerular capillaires

Question 22

choose all the variables that affect the filtration coefficient

Answer 22

• surface area available for filtration
• permeability of the filtration membrane

Question 23

production of angiotensin II is important in the response to a ____ in the mean arterial blood pressure

Answer 23

decrease

Question 24

what does the enzyme renin do

Answer 24

converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Question 25

choose all actions which result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system

Answer 25

* increased blood pressure * increased water retention * vasoconstriction

Question 26

sodium ions are pumped into a cell while hydrogen ions are pumped out of a cell by the same protein. what is the protein called?

Answer 26

antiport

Question 27

glucose is cotransported with ____ ions by symports called SGLTs

Answer 27

sodium

Question 28

what is the transport maximum

Answer 28

the upper limit of the rate solute can be reabsorbed

Question 29

the PCT reabsorbs water at a constant rate known as what?

Answer 29

obligatory water reabsorption

Question 30

the accumulation of reabsorbed fluid on the basal side of the epithelial cells create a high tissue fluid pressure that drives water _____ the peritubular capillaries

Answer 30

into

Question 31

choose all the solutes that are reabsorbed from the nephron loop

Answer 31

* chloride * potassium ions * sodium ions

Question 32

which of the following is true about the countercurrent multiplier mechanism

Answer 32

the more salt that is removed out of the ascending limb of the nephron loop, the saltier the extracellular fluid is in the renal medulla

Question 33

in the clinical setting, glomerular filtration rate is most often estimated from ____ excretion

Answer 33

creatinine

Question 34

what is renal clearance

Answer 34

the volume of blood plasma from which a particular waste is removed in one minute

Question 35

distention of the stomach has what effect on thirst

Answer 35

it inhibits thirst

Question 36

in response to ADH release collecting dust cells in the kidneys increase their expression of which of the following

Answer 36

aquaporins

Question 37

which triggers the release of ADH

Answer 37

osmoreceptors detect the increase in osmotic pressure of body fluids and signal the posterior pituitary

Question 38

the only way to control water output significantly is thorugh variations in urine volume

Answer 38

true

Question 39

hemmorage is an ex of what type of fluid deficiency

Answer 39

volume depletion

Question 40

during dehyrdation the kidneys restore blood volume by the formation of metabolic water

Answer 40

false

Question 41

choose all that are fast-acting stimuli that cause a temporary short-term inhibition of thirst

Answer 41

* distension of the stomach * cooling the mouth * moistening the mouth

Question 42

choose all effects of dehydration

Answer 42

* reduced salivation * increased blood osmolarity * reduced blood pressure

Question 43

the 2 types of fluid deficiencies are volume depletion and ____

Answer 43

dehydration

Question 44

choose all the factors that can lead to volume depletion (hypovolemia)

Answer 44

* hemorrage * chronic vomiting * diarrhea

Question 45

changes in urine volume by a kidney are usually linked to adjustments made to which of the following

Answer 45

sodium reabsorption

Question 46

choose all that are possible effects of fluid deficiency

Answer 46

* circulatory shock * neurological dysfunction

Question 47

which are possible complications of volume excess and hypotonic hydration

Answer 47

* cerebral edema * pulmonary edema

Question 48

which statement about dehydration is true

Answer 48

dehydration raises blood osmolarity

Question 49

a loss of one liter of sweat would amount to how much of the blood plasma

Answer 49

1/3

Question 50

which may occur when proportionate amounts of water and sodium are lost without replacement, for ex. due to hemorrage, chronic vomiting, or diarrhea

Answer 50

hypovolemia

Question 51

one serious effect of fluid deiciency is _____ shock due to loss of blood volume

Answer 51

circulatory

Question 52

edema is the most common form of which of the following

Answer 52

fluid sequestration

Question 53

which are types of fluid excess

Answer 53

* volume excess * hypotonic hydration