Ch. 30 Renal - Book/3

Question 1

struvite stones primarily contain

3

Answer 1

1. magnesium
2. ammonium
3. phosphate

Question 2

CKD decreases what

2

Answer 2

1. GFR

2. tubular functions

Question 3

CKD is the

Answer 3

progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease

Question 4

moderate or severe pain often originating in the flank and radiating to the groin

Answer 4

renal colic

Question 5

urinary stone dx test

Answer 5

24 hour urine to identify which stone and pH test

Question 6

colic that radiates to the lateral flank or lower abdomen typically indicates

Answer 6

obstruction of the midureter

Question 7

renal colic usually indicates

Answer 7

obstruction of the renal pelvis or proximal ureter

Question 8

most common stone types

4

Answer 8

1. calcium oxalate or phosphate
2. struvite
3. uric acid
4. cystine (rare)

Question 9

angiotensin II promotes

Answer 9

glomerula HTN and hyperfiltration caused by efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction and promotes systemic HTN

Question 10

contributes to tubulointersitial injury by accumulating int he interstitial space of the nephron tubule and activating complement proteins and other mediators and cells

Answer 10

proteinuria

Question 11

two systemic issues associated with calcium stones

Answer 11

1. hyperparathyroidism

2. bone demineralization

Question 12

calculi can be located in the

3

Answer 12

1. kidneys
2. ureters
3. urinary bladder

Question 13

uremia and azotemia is to

Answer 13

CKD

Question 14

dilation of the upper urinary tract is an early response to

Answer 14

obstructions

Question 15

proteinuria contributes to

Answer 15

tubulointersitial injury by accumulating int he interstitial space of the nephron tubule and activating complement proteins and other mediators and cells

Question 16

usually indicates obstruction of the renal pelvic or proximal ureter

Answer 16

renal colic

Question 17

kidney stones aka

Answer 17

calculi

urinary stones

Question 18

risk of urinary calculi formation is influenced by

8

Answer 18

1. age
2. sex
3. race
4. geographic location
5. seasonal factors
6. fluid intake
7. diet
8. occupation

Question 19

kidney damage defined as GFR at

Answer 19

<60 ml/min for 3 months or more

Question 20

renal stone - acidic urine

Answer 20

increases the risk of uric acid stone formation

Question 21

what is associated with calcium stones

7

Answer 21

1. hypercalciuria
2 hyperoxaluria
3. hyperuricosuria
4. hypocitraturia
5. mild renal tubular acidosis
6. crystal growth inhibitor deficiencies
7. alkaline urine

Question 22

clinical manifestations of CKD

2

Answer 22

1. uremia

2. azotemia

Question 23

the chronically high intraglomerular pressures increases

Answer 23

glomerular capillary permeability, contributing to proteinuria

Question 24

dilation of the renal pelvic and calyces proximal to blockage is referred to as

Answer 24

hydronephrosis/ureterohydronephrosis

Question 25

uric acid stone formation is affected by consumption of

Answer 25

purines (meat and beer) in diet

Question 26

renal stone - alkaline urine

Answer 26

increases the risk of calcium phosphate stone formation

Question 27

renal colic

Answer 27

moderate or severe pain often originating in the flank and radiating to the groin

Question 28

two factors that have been recognized to advance renal disease

Answer 28

1. proteinura | 2. angiotensin II activity

Question 29

CKD - intact nephron hypothesis proposes that

Answer 29

loss of nephron mass with progressive kidney damage causes the surviving nephrons to sustain normal kidney function

Question 30

kidney stones - men vs women

Answer 30

slightly more common in men

Question 31

renal stone - cystallization is the process by which

Answer 31

crystals grow from a small nidus or nucleaus to larger stones in the presence of supersaturated urine

Question 32

kidney stones are

Answer 32

masses of crystals, protein, or other substances that are a common cause of UTO in adults

Question 33

what leads to proteinuria

Answer 33

1. glomerular hyperfiltration 2. increased glomerular capillary permeability 3. loss of negative charge

Question 34

CKD - tubular interstitial diseases damage primarily the tubular or medullary parts of the nephron, producing problems such as 3

Answer 34

1. renal tubular acidosis 2. salt wasting 3. difficulty diluting or concentrating urine

Question 35

most renal stones are __lateral

Answer 35

uni

Question 36

can AKI progress to CKD

Answer 36

yes

Question 37

CKD - damage is vascular or glomerular, what results | 3

Answer 37

1. proteinuria 2. heamturia 3. nephrotic syndrome

Question 38

calculus formation is related to | 4

Answer 38

1. supersaturation of one or more salts in the urine 2. precipitation of the salts from a liquid to a solid state 3. growth through crystallization or agglomeration (aggregation) 4. presence/absence of stone inhibitors

Question 39

CKD systemic diseases include | 4

Answer 39

1. DM #1 2. HTN 3. systemic lupus erythematosus 4. intrinsic KDs (AKI, chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, obstructive uropathies, vascular disorders)

Question 40

dilation of the ureter is referred to as

Answer 40

hydroureter (accumulation of urine in the ureter)

Question 41

uric acid stones occur in persons who

Answer 41

excrete excessive uric acid in the urine, such as those with gouty arthritis

Question 42

CKD - systemic changes result from increased levels of | 3

Answer 42

1. creatinine 2. urea 3. potassium