Flashcards in Chapter 10 Deck (27):
1
Cognition
Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
2
Concepts
Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
3
Prototypes
Mental image or best example of a category
4
Algorithm
Step by step procedure that guarantees a solution
5
Heuristic
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; faster, but more error prone
6
Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
All of a sudden the answer comes to you
Provides sense of satisfaction
7
Confirmation Bias
Tendency to search fork formation that confirms one's preconceptions
8
Fixation
The inability to see a problem from perspective
An impediment to problem solving
9
Mental Set
Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
10
Functional Fixedness
The inability to solve a problem, because it is viewed only in terms of usual function(activity)
11
Representative Heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well the seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
May lead one to ignore other relevant information
12
Availability Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, if instances come readily to mind(maybe due to vividness), we presume such events as common
13
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct
To overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements
14
Framing
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
15
Belief Bias
The tendency for one's pre existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or vice versa
16
Language
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
17
Phoneme
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
18
Morpheme
In a language, the smallest unjt that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word
19
Grammar
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
20
Semantics
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language - study of meaning
21
Syntax
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
22
Babbling Stage
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds unrelated to household language
23
One-Word Stage
The stage in speech development, from about age 1-2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words
24
Two-Word Stage
Beginning about age 2, the stage of speech development during which a child speaks mostly two worded statements
25
Telegraphic Speech
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegraph - using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words
26
Noam Chomsky
He had a theory that humans are biologically predisposed to acquire language
27