Chapter 14: Blood

Question 1

white blood cells

Answer 1

also called leukocytes; produced in red bone marrow, under control of hormones: interleukins & colony stimulating factors

Question 2

how many types of leukocytes are there? how many categories?

Answer 2

5 types, 2 categories

Question 3

2 categories of leukocytes

Answer 3

• granulocytes
• agranulocytes

Question 4

granulocytes

Answer 4

granular cytoplasm & short life span
- basophils
- eosinophils
- neutrophils

Question 5

agranulocytes

Answer 5

no noticeable granules
- lymphocytes
- monocytes

Question 6

neutrophils

Answer 6

• small, light, purple nucleus in acid-base stain
• lobed nucleus, 2-5 sections
• PMN’s
• strong phagocytes
• 54-62% of leukocytes

Question 7

PMN’s

Answer 7

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Question 8

eosinophils

Answer 8

• coarse granules; stain deep red in acid stain
• bi-lobed nucleus
• 1-3% of leukocytes

Question 9

basophils

Answer 9

• large granules; stain deep blue in basic stain
• granules can obscure view of nucleus
• release heparin & histamine
• less than 1% of leukocytes
• similar to eosinophils in size & shape of nuclei

Question 10

monocytes

Answer 10

• largest wbc’s
• spherical, kidney-shaped, oval or lobed nuclei
• agranulocytes
• leave bloodstream to become macrophages
• 3-9% of leukocytes

Question 11

lymphocytes

Answer 11

• slightly larger than rbc’s; smallest wbc
• large spherical nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm
• agranulocytes
• T cells & B cells are major types
• 25-33% of leukocytes
• may live for years

Question 12

T cells and B cells

Answer 12

important in immuity

Question 13

how do neutrophils respond to a bacterial invasion?

Answer 13

by accumulating in the infection site & destroying pathogens by phagocytosis

Question 14

WBC count

Answer 14

used to count # of wbc’s per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood; typically 3,500-10,500

Question 15

leukocytosis

Answer 15

increased wbc count; >10,500

Question 16

leukopenia

Answer 16

decreased wbc count; <3,500

Question 17

differential wbc count

Answer 17

• lists percentages of types of leukocytes
• percentages may change in particular diseases

Question 18

leukemia

Answer 18

cancer of the white blood cells; two types

Question 19

2 types of leukemia

Answer 19

• lymphoid
• myeloid

Question 20

lymphoid leukemia

Answer 20

cancer of lymphocytes produced in lymph nodes

Question 21

myeloid leukemia

Answer 21

cancer of granulocytes produced in red bone marrow

Question 22

symptoms & treatment of leukemia

Answer 22

symptoms: fever, headache, nosebleed, excess # of wbc’s, respiratory infections, bone pain, bruising & bleeding due to blood clot time
treatment: proton therapy, chemo, drugs, bone marrow/stem cell transplants

Question 23

platelets

Answer 23

thrombocytes; cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes, produced by hemocytoblasts in response to the hormone thrombopoietin, lack nucleus, less than half the size of rbc

Question 24

platelet production

Answer 24

hemocytoblast -> megakaryocytes -> thrombocytes

Question 25

thrombocyte count

Answer 25

150,00-350,000

Question 26

thrombus

Answer 26

stationary blood clot

Question 27

embolus

Answer 27

mobile blood clot

Question 28

blood plasma

Answer 28

- clear, straw colored - liquid portion of blood - 92% water - 55% blood volume - contains organic & inorganic chemicals

Question 29

plasma proteins

Answer 29

most abundant dissolved substance in plasma; not used for energy source

Question 30

gas & nutrients

Answer 30

oxygen & CO2 most important

Question 31

plasma nutrients

Answer 31

amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides, lipids

Question 32

nonprotein nitrogenous substances

Answer 32

molecules that contain nitrogen, but are not proteins in plasma

Question 33

NPN's include...

Answer 33

- urea - uric acid - creatine - creatinine - amino acids - BUN

Question 34

urea

Answer 34

product of protein catabolism; 50% of NPN's

Question 35

BUN

Answer 35

blood urea nitrogen; indicates health of kidney - if level is too high, not enough urea is being excreted due to impaired renal function

Question 36

plasma electrolytes

Answer 36

plasma contains ions called electrolytes, since they ionize in water and can conduct electricity; absorbed from intestine or released as by products of cellular metabolism

Question 37

electrolytes in blood plasma

Answer 37

- sodium - calcium - phosphate - chloride - potassium - bicarbonate - sulfate - magnesium

Question 38

albumin

Answer 38

located in liver; helps maintain colloid osmotic pressure

Question 39

alpha globulins

Answer 39

located in liver; transport lipids & fat soluble vitamins

Question 40

beta globulins

Answer 40

located in liver; transport lipids & fat soluble vitamins

Question 41

gamma globulins

Answer 41

located in lymphatic tissues; constitute the antibodies of immunity

Question 42

fibrinogen

Answer 42

located in liver; plays key role in blood coagulation