Chapter 11: The Nervous System

Question 1

cerebellum

Answer 1

• inferior to occipital lobes
• dorsal to pons & medulla
• two hemispheres separated by flax cerebelli
• vermis connects hemispheres
• cerebellar cortex (gray matter)
• arbor vitae (white matter)
• cerebellar peduncles
• dentate nucleus (largest)
• integrates sensory info concerning position of body parts
• coordinates skeletal muscle activity
• maintains posture

Question 2

cerebellar cortex

Answer 2

gray matter in cerebellum

Question 3

arbor vitae

Answer 3

white matter in cerebellum

Question 4

vermis

Answer 4

connects cerebellum hemispheres

Question 5

fall cerebelli

Answer 5

separates hemispheres of cerebellum

Question 6

brain waves

Answer 6

recordings of fluctuating electrical charges in brain; EEG, via electrodes on scalp that detect electrical changes in extracellular fluid of brain

Question 7

4 types of brain waves

Answer 7

1. alpha
2. beta
3. theta
4. delta

Question 8

alpha

Answer 8

awake, resting, eyes closed

Question 9

beta

Answer 9

active mental activity, under tension

Question 10

theta

Answer 10

mostly in children

Question 11

delta

Answer 11

mainly during sleep

Question 12

apnea

Answer 12

no breathing, airway constricts

Question 13

spinal cord

Answer 13

• slender column of nervous tissue
• begins at foramen magnum & terminates at the L1 - L2 space
• consists of 31 segments; each gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves

Question 14

spinal cord portions (5)

Answer 14

1. cervical enlargement
2. lumbar enlargement
3. conus medullaris
4. filum terminale
5. cauda equina

Question 15

conus medullaris

Answer 15

tapered end of spinal cord, between L1 & L2`

Question 16

filum terminale

Answer 16

extension of Pia mater, extends down from conus medullaris

Question 17

cauda equina

Answer 17

horse tail; bundle of spinal nerves L2-L5, S1-S5, Co1-Co4, extends from conus medullaris

Question 18

meninges

Answer 18

membranes that protect brain and spinal cord; dura mater, arachnid, pia mater

Question 19

white matter is referred to as..

Answer 19

funiculi

Question 20

gray matter is referred to as..

Answer 20

horns

Question 21

where is an epidural injection given during childbirth?

Answer 21

L2-L3

Question 22

functions of spinal cord

Answer 22

• center for spinal reflexes
• conduit (pathway) for impulses to & from the brain

Question 23

reflex

Answer 23

automatic, subconscious response to stimuli in/outside the body

Question 24

reflex arc

Answer 24

neural pathway consisting of a sensory receptor, 2 or more neurons, and an effector; simple & most common

Question 25

simple reflex arc

Answer 25

contain only sensory & motor neurons

Question 26

most common reflex arc

Answer 26

sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron

Question 27

sensory

Answer 27

into posterior

Question 28

motor

Answer 28

out of anterior

Question 29

stretch reflex

Answer 29

- monosynaptic - consists of sensory and motor neuron; synapse in spinal cord - ex. knee jerk reflex - helps maintain upright posture

Question 30

withdrawal reflex

Answer 30

- occurs when person touches or steps on something painful - prevents of limits tissue damage by removing limb from painful stimulus - polysynaptic - reciprocal innervation

Question 31

polysynaptic

Answer 31

contains sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron

Question 32

reciprocal innervation

Answer 32

flexors contract, extensors inhibited

Question 33

crossed extensor reflex

Answer 33

- during withdrawal reflex, flexors on affected side contract, and extensors are inhibited (ipsilateral) - at some time, extensors on opposite sides contract, flexors inhibited - also shifts body weight, so person remains upright

Question 34

ascending tracts

Answer 34

conduct sensory impulses to brain

Question 35

descending tracts

Answer 35

conduct motor impulses from brain via motor neurons reaching muscles and glands

Question 36

what are tracts composed of?

Answer 36

axons