Chapter 19: Respiratory System

Question 1

how does respiration occur?

Answer 1

on a macroscopic level, as a function of an organ system

Question 2

how does gas exchange occur?

Answer 2

at a cellular & molecular level

Question 3

aerobic reactions include (4)

Answer 3

• use O2 to accomplish ATP production
• allow cells to harness energy from chemical bonds in nutrient molecules
• generate CO2 as a metabolic waste
• CO2+H2O = H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Question 4

what is the purpose of H2CO3?

Answer 4

maintain blood pH level

Question 5

ventilation

Answer 5

inhale/exhale; 12-20 per minute

Question 6

respiration

Answer 6

gas exchange

Question 7

upper respiratory system includes:

Answer 7

• nose
• nasal cavity
• larynx
• pharynx
• sinuses

Question 8

lower respiratory system includes:

Answer 8

• lungs
• trachea
• bronchial tree

Question 9

nose

Answer 9

nostrils provide openings for air to enter & leave nasal cavity

Question 10

alveoli

Answer 10

microscopic air sacs in lungs; site of gas exchange & basic function unit of respiratory system

Question 11

nasal cavity

Answer 11

• separated into right and left by nasal septum
• nasal conchae curl in from lateral walls of cavity
• conchae separate nasal cavity into passageways called meatuses
• upper portion contains olfactory receptors for sense of smell
• lined with mucus membrane; pseudostratified

Question 12

goblet cells

Answer 12

produce mucus

Question 13

function of mucus

Answer 13

trap particles and microorganisms from inhaled air

Question 14

sinuses

Answer 14

-air filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of skull
- provide resonance & reduce weight of skull

Question 15

pharynx

Answer 15

• space posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity, & larynx
• 3 portions

Question 16

3 portions of pharynx

Answer 16

• oropharynx
• nasopharynx
• laryngopharynx

Question 17

larynx

Answer 17

• enlargement in airway superior to trachea
• moves air in & out of trachea
• houses vocal cords

Question 18

single cartilage (larynx)

Answer 18

• thyroid
• cricoid
• epiglottis

Question 19

false vocal cords

Answer 19

• upper (vestibular) folds
• no sound production

Question 20

true vocal cords

Answer 20

• lower folds
• vocal sounds
• opening between them called glottis

Question 21

trachea is also called…

Answer 21

windpipe

Question 22

trachea

Answer 22

• flexible cylindrical tube
• lined with mucus membranes
• 20 c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Question 23

location of trachea

Answer 23

anterior to esophagus

Question 24

bronchial tree

Answer 24

• consists of branched airways leading from trachea to alveoli

Question 25

branches of bronchial tree (9)

Answer 25

1. right & left bronchi 2. secondary or lobar bronchi 3. tertiary or segmental bronchi 4. interlobular bronchioles 5. terminal bronchioles 6. respiratory bronchioles 7. alveolar ducts 8. alveolar sacs 9. alveoli

Question 26

hilum

Answer 26

area of entry for primary bronchi, arteries, veins, & nerves

Question 27

conduction pathway

Answer 27

does NOT participate in gas exchange

Question 28

structure of respiratory tubes

Answer 28

- become thinner & thinner - pseudostratified in larger tubes - simple cuboidal in resp. branches - simple squamous in alveoli

Question 29

lungs

Answer 29

- soft, spongy, cone shaped organs in thoracic cavity - separated from each other by heart & mediastinum - right lung has 3 lobes, while left has 2

Question 30

visceral pleura

Answer 30

serous, inner layer attached to surface of lung

Question 31

parietal pleura

Answer 31

serous, outer layer lining thoracic cavity

Question 32

pleural cavity

Answer 32

space between visceral & parietal pleura; reduces friction