Chapter 13: The Endocrine System

Question 1

parathyroid glands

Answer 1

• located on posterior surface of the thyroid
• usually 4 parathyroid glands
• secrete 1 hormone, PTH

Question 2

PTH

Answer 2

regulates calcium and phosphate concentration in blood; antagonistic of calcitonin

Question 3

actions of PTH

Answer 3

• increase blood calcium levels
• decrease blood phosphate levels
• exerts effects by acting on bones, kidneys, intestines
• indirectly stimulates absorption of calcium by stimulating a step in vitamin D metabolism
• acts on kidneys to cause final step in production of vitamin D

Question 4

hyperparathyroidism

Answer 4

increase PTH secretion overstimulates osteoclasts; caused by tumors

Question 5

hypoparathyroidism

Answer 5

decrease PTH secretion reduces osteoclasts; caused by injuries

Question 6

adrenal glands

Answer 6

• aka superenal
• hormones are secreted from two different areas of gland
• numerous hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands
• adrenal hormones play roles in maintaining blood sodium levels and stress response; include some sex hormones

Question 7

where are hormones secreted from in the adrenal glands?

Answer 7

adrenal cortex & adrenal medulla

Question 8

adrenal cortex

Answer 8

outer portion, secretes steroid hormones

Question 9

adrenal medulla

Answer 9

central portion, secretes amine hormones

Question 10

what hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Answer 10

cortisol, aldosterone, & adrenal androgens

Question 11

what hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 11

epinephrine & norepinephrine

Question 12

aldosterone

Answer 12

concentration of electrolytes by preserving sodium & excreting potassium

Question 13

cortisol

Answer 13

decrease protein synthesis, increases fatty acid release, glucose synthesis from non carbs

Question 14

adrenal androgens

Answer 14

supplement sex hormones from gonads

Question 15

how many zones does the adrenal cortex have?

Answer 15

3; each producing different types of hormones

Question 16

3 zones of adrenal cortex

Answer 16

1. zona glomerulosa
2. zona fasciculata
3. zona reticularis

Question 17

zona glomerulosa

Answer 17

• outer
• produces aldosterone & other mineralocorticoids

Question 18

zona fasciculata

Answer 18

• middle
• produces cortisol & other glucocorticoids

Question 19

zona reticularis

Answer 19

• inner
• produces male sex hormones

Question 20

renin-angiotensin system

Answer 20

• helps maintain normal blood pressure
• product of system, angiotensin II, increases blood pressure & promote secretion of aldosterone

Question 21

what does aldosterone do?

Answer 21

conserves sodium & water is retained by osmosis

Question 22

increased blood volume =

Answer 22

increased blood pressure

Question 23

how is cortisol secretion regulated?

Answer 23

by a 3 step hormone pathway; exerts negative feedback on its own production pathway

Question 24

pancreas

Answer 24

• elongated, flat
• posterior to stomach
• pancreatic duct transports digestive juice to duodenum
• endocrine portion consists of groups of cells call pancreatic islets

Question 25

how many types of secretory tissue does the pancreas include?

Answer 25

2; endocrine & exocrine

Question 26

endocrine function in pancreas

Answer 26

secretes hormones into body fluids

Question 27

exocrine function in pancreas

Answer 27

secretes digestive juices through a duct

Question 28

3 hormones secreted from endocrine (islet) cells

Answer 28

1. alpha 2. beta 3. delta

Question 29

alpha

Answer 29

insulin

Question 30

beta

Answer 30

glucagon

Question 31

delta

Answer 31

somatostatin

Question 32

addison's disease

Answer 32

insufficient hormone secretion from adrenal cortex

Question 33

cushings disease

Answer 33

hypersecretion of cortisol, usually due to tumor; causes swelling of face

Question 34

insulin

Answer 34

decreases blood glucose when too high

Question 35

glucagon

Answer 35

increases blood glucose when too low

Question 36

somatostatin

Answer 36

helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of insulin & glucagon

Question 37

type 1 diabetes

Answer 37

insulin dependent, autoimmune, no blood glucose regulation

Question 38

type 2 diabetes

Answer 38

insulin independent; body cells do not recognize insulin

Question 39

pineal gland

Answer 39

- secretes melatonin - regulates circadian rhythms

Question 40

thymus gland

Answer 40

- secretes thymosins - promotes development of T-lymphocytes - important in role of immunity

Question 41

reproductive organs

Answer 41

- ovaries produce estrogen & progesterone - testes produce testosterone - placenta produce estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin

Question 42

responses to stress

Answer 42

- hypothalamus controls stress response - response call general adaptation or general stress syndrome

Question 43

2 stages of general stress syndrome

Answer 43

1. alarm 2. resistance

Question 44

alarm response

Answer 44

- immediate - fight or flight - sympathetic impulses increase blood glucose, heart & respiratory rate, blood pressure, shunt blood to skeletal muscles - epinephrine intensifies and prolongs response

Question 45

resistance response

Answer 45

- long term - increased cortisol spares glucose for brain - glucagon & GH mobilize energy sources for other tissues & organs - ADH & renin cause water retention