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BIOL 251: Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 16: Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

adaptive defense

A

resistance to particular pathogens or to their toxins/metabolic by-products

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2
Q

adaptive defense is…

A

3rd line of defense

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3
Q

antigens

A

non self molecules that can elicit an immune response

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4
Q

adaptive responses are carried out by __

A

lymphocytes & macrophages that can recognize specific antigens

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5
Q

2 types of adaptive defense

A
  1. cellular immune response
  2. humoral immune response
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6
Q

types of antigens (4)

A
  • proteins
  • polysaccharides
  • glycolipids
  • glycoproteins
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7
Q

T lymphocytes

A
  • specialized in thymus
  • make up 70-80% of circulating lymphocytes
  • some settle in lymphatic organs (white pulp, lymph nodes, thoracic duct)
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8
Q

B lymphocytes

A
  • released from bone marrow
  • make up 20-30% of lymphocytes
  • abundant in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, intestinal lining
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9
Q

what does T cell activation require?

A

antigenic fragments to be attached to antigen presenting cell such as B cells, macrophages, etc

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10
Q

APC

A

antigen presenting cell; accessory cell

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11
Q

what does APC do to antigen?

A

phagocytizes antigen, digests it, & displays antigenic fragments on its own cell membrane, bound to protein that is part of the MHC or HLA

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12
Q

MHC

A

major histocompatibility complex

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13
Q

HLA

A

human leukocyte antigens

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14
Q

what happens when T cell encounters APC displaying antigenic fragments?

A

it can recognize antigen as foreign substance; T cell now activated

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15
Q

what can T cells secrete?

A

cytokines

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16
Q

cytokines

A

enhance some cellular responses to antigens

17
Q

T cell types (3)

A
  1. helper
  2. cytotoxic
  3. memory
18
Q

helper T cells

A

activate other cells; help B cells produce antibodies

19
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

attack virally infected/cancerous cells

20
Q

memory T cells

A

provide future immune protection

21
Q

types of cytokines (4)

A
  1. colony stimulating
  2. interferons
  3. interleukins
  4. tumor necrosis factor
22
Q

colony stimulating cytokine

A

stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes

23
Q

interferon cytokine

A

block viral replication, stimulate macrophages, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, attack cancer cells

24
Q

interleukin cytokine

A

control lymphocyte differentiation & proliferation

25
Q

tumor necrosis factor

A

stop tumor growth, releases growth factors, causes fever, stimulates lymphocyte differentiation

26
Q

what must occur for B cells to respond?

A

proper cytokines are released from helper T cells; B cells respond by proliferating, enlarging clone of identical cells

27
Q

what happens to B cells when they respond?

A
  • some become memory B cells
  • some differentiate into plasma cells, which produce & secrete larger globular proteins called antibodies
28
Q

humoral/antibody-mediated immune response

A

antibodies are carried by the blood to infection site

29
Q

what do both B cells & T cells require

A

proper activation; helper T cells secrete cytokines to activate B cells to proliferate

30
Q

antibodies

A
  • globular proteins
  • also called immunoglobulins
  • y shaped proteins; composed of 4 AA chains
  • make up gamma globulin fraction of plasma proteins
31
Q

5 major types of antibodies

A
  1. IgA (80%)
  2. IgG (13%)
  3. IgM (6%)
  4. IgE (<1%)
  5. IgD (<1%)
32
Q

IgG

A

plasma and tissue fluid; defends against bacteria and activates complement

33
Q

IgA

A

exocrine gland secretions; defends against bacteria and viruses

34
Q

IgM

A

plasma; reacts with antigens on some red blood cell membranes following mismatched blood transfusions, and activates complement

35
Q

IgD

A

surface of most B lymphocytes; B cell activation

36
Q

IgE

A

exocrine gland secretions; promotes inflammation and allergic responses

BIOL 251: Anatomy & Physiology II (28 decks)

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