Chapter 16: Lymphatic System

Question 1

lymph nodes

Answer 1

found in groups or chains along the paths of larger lymphatic vessels through the body; contain lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 2

what do lymphocytes do?

Answer 2

attack viruses, bacteria, & parasitic cells

Question 3

what do macrophages do?

Answer 3

engulf & destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, & cellular debris

Question 4

major lymph node locations (7)

Answer 4

• cervical
• axillary
• inguinal
• supratrochlear
• pelvic
• abdominal
• thoracic

Question 5

where are lymph nodes NOT located?

Answer 5

CNS

Question 6

lymph node function

Answer 6

• filter harmful particles from lymph
• immune surveillance; monitor body fluids
• center for lymphocyte production

Question 7

thymus

Answer 7

• soft, bilobed
• in mediastinum
• divided into lobules
• T cells
• thymosin

Question 8

t cells

Answer 8

mature in thymus; leave thymus and provide immunity

Question 9

thymosin

Answer 9

hormone produced by thymus; stimulate t cells

Question 10

lobules (thymus)

Answer 10

contain lymphocytes derived from progenitor cells in red bone marrow

Question 11

spleen

Answer 11

largest lymphatic organ, contains venous sinuses filled with blood, filters blood

Question 12

2 tissue types (spleen)

Answer 12

• white pulp
• red pulp

Question 13

white pulp

Answer 13

lymphocytes

Question 14

red pulp

Answer 14

rbc’s, lymphocytes, macrophages

Question 15

pathogens

Answer 15

• disease causing
• bacteria, viruses, complex microorganisms

Question 16

innate defense

Answer 16

• general defense
• protect against many types of pathogens

Question 17

adaptive defense

Answer 17

• known as immunity
• more specific & precise, targeting specific antigens
• carried out by lymphocytes that recognize certain foreign molecules

Question 18

types of innate defense (6)

Answer 18

• mechanical barriers
• chemical barriers
• inflammation
• fever
• natural killer cells
• phagocytosis

Question 19

species resistance

Answer 19

refers to the fact that certain species are resistant to diseases that affect other species

Question 20

mechanical barriers

Answer 20

skin & mucous membranes; prevent pathogen entrance, considered first line of defense
ex. saliva & tears

Question 21

chemical barriers include:

Answer 21

• enzymes
• interferons
• defensins
• collectins
• complement

Question 22

enzymes

Answer 22

chemical barrier to pathogens
ex. gastric juices & lysozyme in tears

Question 23

interferons

Answer 23

block viral replication, act against growth of tumors, stimulate phagocytosis

Question 24

defensins

Answer 24

peptides produced by neutrophils; cripple microbes, by making openings in cell membranes/walls

Question 25

collectins

Answer 25

proteins that protect against many bacteria, yeast, & some viruses

Question 26

complement

Answer 26

group of proteins in plasma & other body fluid that stimulate inflammation, attracts phagocytes & enhances phagocytosis

Question 27

natural killer (NK) cells

Answer 27

• small population of lymphocytes
• very different from T & B cells that provide adaptive defenses
• defend against viruses & cancer cells by secreting cytolytic substances

Question 28

perforins

Answer 28

secreted by natural killer cells, lyse cell membrane and defend against cancer cells & viruses

Question 29

inflammation

Answer 29

• redness, swelling, heat, & pain
• process that walls off infection site & inhibits spread of infection

Question 30

heparin & histamine

Answer 30

increases capillary permeability

Question 31

phagocytosis

Answer 31

• removes foreign particles from lymph
• in blood vessels & tissues of spleen, liver, or bone marrow remove particles from blood
• most active are neutrophils & monocytes
• chemotaxis
• mononuclear phagocytic system

Question 32

chemotaxis

Answer 32

chemicals from damaged tissue attract the phagocytic cells to the injury

Question 33

mononuclear phagocytic system

Answer 33

reticuloendothelium; consists of monocytes & macrophages of the body

Question 34

fever

Answer 34

begins when viral or bacterial infection stimulates lymphocytes to proliferate, procduing cells that secrete IL-1 which raises thermoregulatory set point

Question 35

IL-1

Answer 35

endogenous pyrogen; fire maker from within

Question 36

what does high body temp do?

Answer 36

increases phagocytic activity

Question 37

dangerous temp

Answer 37

adult = 103
child = 105

Question 38

macrophages

Answer 38

tissue

Question 39

monocyte

Answer 39

blood